Table 1:
Laboratory variation in meadow vole physiology and behavior by day length.
| Endpoint | Finding | References |
|---|---|---|
| Olfactory preferences | LD females prefer male odor>own odor>female odor SD females prefer social odors (female odor>male odor>own odor) |
Ferkin and Zucker, 1991 |
| LD Males prefer female scents; no sex-specific preferences in SD | Ferkin and Gorman, 1992 | |
| Partner preferences | PP are formed in SD females in pairs and trios in the laboratory. |
Parker and Lee, 2003 Beery et al., 2008 Beery et al., 2009 Ondrasek et al., 2015 |
| SD females huddle more than LD females | Beery et al., 2008 | |
| Males form PP in both LD and SDs | Beery et al., 2009 | |
| Stranger interaction | SD females spend more time huddling with strangers in PPT SD females interact more during social interaction tests |
Lee et al. 2017 |
| Anxiety behavior | SD females spend more time in the open portion of a light/dark box | Ossenkopp et al. 2005 |
| Reproductive steroids | Estradiol/uterine mass is higher in LD housed females | Beery et al. 2008 |
| Estradiol and testosterone are higher in voles captured during the breeding season vs. the nonbreeding season | Galea and McEwen 1999 | |
| CORT secretion | Higher total CORT in LD (vs. SD) females | Anacker et al. 2016b |
| Higher free and total CORT in LD (vs. SD) males | Pyter et al. 2005 | |
| CRF1 receptor density | Higher in LD voles in the hippocampus | Beery et al. 2014 |
| CRF2 receptor density | Higher in SD voles in Cingulate cortex, hippocampus | |
| Oxytocin receptor density | Higher in SD voles in multiple regions including central amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus |
Parker et al. 2001 Beery and Zucker 2010 |
| Brain growth | LD promote faster brain growth in male meadow voles | Dark et al. 1990 |
| Higher markers of neurogenesis in Fall vs. Summer | (Spritzer et al., 2017) |