Table 2.

Numerical Values of the Parameters Tested in This Study

Parameters	Values
GNR dimensiona	15.3 nm in diameter
	80.4 nm in length
Distance between GNRs and the neuronal membraneb	100∗ and 1000 nm
GNR coveragec	0.031∗ and 0.31
TRPV1 channel density (represented by the conductance)d	1.05, 2.1∗, and 4.2 S ⋅ m–2
Laser duratione	0.005, 0.05, 0.5∗, and 5 ms

Asterisks indicate the default values.

^aThis dimension is widely used in NINS experiments and associated with the surface plasmon resonance wavelength of 980 nm, combinedly resulting in C_abs = 1.67 × 10⁻¹⁵ m² for Eq. 1 (see Supporting Materials and Methods for detailed derivation). We used the fixed GNR dimension because it will not make a significant impact on simulation results as far as its corresponding resonant wavelength is used.

^bThe default 100 nm was chosen from the transmission electron microscopy imaging of GNRs vicinity to the sciatic nerve (7).

^cThe default 0.031 was chosen from temperature data and its corresponding laser intensity (8) (see Supporting Materials and Methods).

^dThe default 2.1 S ⋅ m^–2 was chosen from the I-V response measured under the voltage-clamped condition of human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing TRPV1 (28) (see Supporting Materials and Methods). The higher and lower densities were tested to consider the variety in the channel density across cell types (e.g., higher density in hippocampus and cortex; lower density in corpus callosum) (26).

^eThis range of laser duration was selected based on the previous theoretical and experimental NINS studies (7, 8, 9, 38), including the recent report that microsecond-scale short flashes effectively induce capacitive currents to trigger action potentials (38).