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. 2019 Feb 6;10:148. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00148

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Copyright © 2019 Phillips, Garciafigueroa, Engman, Trucco and Giannoukakis.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A simplified schematic of DC and Treg interactions. (A) immature mDC secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines inhibiting Teff activation and driving Th₂ differentiation. Pattern recognition receptor (PPR)-dependent maturation of mDC increase expression of ^*-labeled molecules required for Teff primary and secondary activation. Changes in cytokine expression profiles further drive Teff activation and tip the T_h balance toward Th₁ cells. (B) treg can block Teff activation directly or through indirect interactions with mature DC. Treg also preferential sequester the T-cell proliferation factor IL-2 due to high constitutive IL-2R (CD25) expression. (C) pDC/Treg interactions stabilize and convert Teff to Treg populations in lymph nodes under steady state conditions.