Table 1.

A comparison of current protocols for ex vivo generated tDC and Treg and their clinical application.

Cell source	PBMC	PBMC	PBMC	PBMC	PBMC	Umbilical cord blood	PBMC
Target cell	DC	DC	DC	DC	Treg	Treg	Treg/Tr1
Cell generation	GM-CSF+ IL-4 & Anti-sense CD40, CD80, CD86	GM-CSF+ IL-4 & BAY 11-7082 Auto-antigens	GM-CSF+ IL-4 & Dex Vitamin D3 MPLA	GM-CSF+ IL-4 & Dex Vitamin A Cytokines	IL-2 Anti-CD3 & CD28 Beads	IL-2 Anti-CD3 & CD28 Beads	IL-2 IL-4 Anti-CD3 antibody Ovalbumin
Added auto-antigens	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Ex vivo Cell characterization	Low CD40 CD80 CD86 IL-12	Low CD40 CD80	Low CD83 IL-12 High CD86 IL-10	Low CD83 IL-12 High CD80 CD86 IL-10	Low CD127 High CD25 Foxp3	Low CD127 IL-2 IFNγ High CD25 Foxp3 CD39	Low CD62L CD127 IL-4 IFNγ High Foxp3 CD25+ IL-10 IL-13
In vivo application	Increased Foxp3 Tregs IL-10 Bregs IL-4 IL-10 No Change DC	Increased Foxp3 Tregs Decreased IL-15 IL-29	No Change Foxp3 Treg	Increased Foxp3 Tregs	Increased Foxp3 Tregs Not Examined DC	X	X

A brief listing of reported cellular characteristics of generated cells are shown, but have not been uniformly examined across all studies. Post-administration changes in cell populations and plasma cytokines in vivo, in patients, are listed. Increased Treg numbers are reported in a majority of trials that utilize either ex vivo generated autologous tDC or Treg. Techniques marked as “X” are in clinical trials but have only been published under conditions with pre-clinical settings.