Table 1.

Types of cognitive impairments in performing routine sequential action tasks and related action errors and brain regions.

Type of cognitive impairment	Type of action errors	Brain damaged regions in patients
1 Inhibition	•Perseveration •Toying •Unrelated- distractor error	•R. frontal, inferior parietal lobule and angular gyrus (Humphreys and Forde, 1998; Forde and Humphreys, 2000) •R. frontal lobe (Niki et al., 2009)
2 Monitoring and Checking	•Incompleteness •Repetition	•R. frontal lobe (Niki et al., 2009)
3 Selecting and matching an action schema to an object	•Semantic •Addition •Tool omission •Quality and Spatial	•Bi. frontal lobe, anterior corpus callosum, bi temporal lobes (Schwartz et al., 1991) •Bi. temporal, L. inferior posterior parietal lobe, R. dorsolateral frontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex (Schwartz et al., 1995) •Bi. medial and anterior temporal lobe, L. medial frontal cortex, L. superior parietal lobe, bilateral temporal and medial frontal lobes, L. inferior and medial frontal gyri (Bickerton et al., 2007) •L. occipito-temporal cortex (Morady and Humphreys, 2011) •L. frontal lobe (Humphreys and Forde, 1998) •L. fronto-temporo-parietal lobe (Rumiati et al., 2001)
4 Organization of action steps	•Sequence •Step omission	•Bi. Anterior inferior temporal cortex (Buxbaum et al., 1997) •Bi. medial and anterior temporal lobe, left medial frontal cortex, L. superior parietal lobe, bilateral temporal and medial frontal lobes, L. inferior and medial frontal gyri (Bickerton et al., 2007) •R. frontal, inferior parietal lobule and angular gyrus (Humphreys and Forde, 1998; Forde and Humphreys, 2000) •L. occipito-temporal cortex (Morady and Humphreys, 2011) •Bi. frontal lobe, anterior corpus callosum, bi temporal lobes (Schwartz et al., 1991) •Bi. frontal, temporal, occipital gyri (Humphreys and Forde, 1998; Morady and Humphreys, 2008) •L. frontal lobe (Humphreys and Forde, 1998) •RCVA (R. cerebral vascular accident) group, (Schwartz et al., 1999; Schwartz, 2006) •LCVA (L. cerebral vascular accident) group, (Schwartz, 2006)
5 Top-down control based on a context of situation	•Related- distractor errors	•R. frontal lobe (Niki et al., 2009)