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. 2019 Feb 6;10:142. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00142

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Antimicrobial efficacy of LP/PPNs against E. coli and LM (A-D). LP treated with PPNs or pullulan were cultured with Gram-negative E. coli or Gram-positive LM, and the growth inhibition was calculated by CFU for E. coli (A) and LM (C). Similarly, the diameters of the growth inhibition of E. coli (B) and LM (D) on LB and BHI agar plates, respectively, were measured. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was analyzed between LP treated with P and LP treated with PPNs by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s t-test (∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗p < 0.001). (LP: Lactobacillus plantarum, PPN: phthalyl pullulan nanoparticle, P: pullulan, CFU: colony forming unit, LM: Listeria monocytogenes, LB: lysogeny broth, BHI: brain heart infusion).