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. 2019 Feb 6;10:142. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00142

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Copyright © 2019 Hong, Kim, Lee, Kang, Choi and Cho.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Analysis the mechanism of enhanced antimicrobial ability. Measurement of the growth of LP (A) and pH of the culture medium (B) among LP groups with internalized PPNs or pullulan. Antimicrobial efficacy of LP/PPNs against E. coli (C) and LM (D) was measured after proteinase K treatment. Relative mRNA expression levels of planS compared with 16S rRNA expression levels (E). The isolated plantaricin was determined by SDS–PAGE (F). The full length gel is presented in Supplementary Figure S4. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was analyzed between each group by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s t-test (^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001). (LP: Lactobacillus plantarum, PPN: phthalyl pullulan nanoparticle, P: pullulan, PK: proteinase K, LM: Listeria monocytogenes, SDS–PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis).