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CSE incubation increases PAF‐R expression in human urothelial cells (HUC) and bladder cancer cell lines HTB‐9 and HT1376. Platelet‐activating factor receptor (PAF‐R) expression was analyzed via immunoblot in cells incubated with media alone (black boxes) or CSE (20 μg/mL, 48 h, gray boxes) (A). Values shown are means + SEM for four separate cultures. **P < 0.01 when compared to controls. Representative immunoblots (B).
