Table 1.

Characteristics of mothers of children with Down syndrome (DS) with or without congenital heart defects (CHDs).

	DS-CHD+ mothers	DS-CHD− mothers	P-value
Median age, years (min–max)	37 (24–59)	42 (28–64)	0.00
Median BMI (min–max)	24.19 (17.19–35.43)	26.01 (17.71–40.40)	0.09
Diet N (%)
Folate-rich	16 (36)	21 (46)	0.24
Low-folate	28 (64)	45 (54)
Intake of folic acid supplements N (%)
No	25 (57)	33 (72)	0.14
Yes	19 (43)	13 (28)
Periconceptional folic acid intake
No	41 (93)	46 (100)	0.17
Yes	3 (7)	0 (0)
Smoking during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy N (%)
No	15 (34)	29 (63)	0.00
Yes	29 (66)	17 (37)
Currently smoking N (%)
No	27 (71)	33 (72)	0.21
Yes	17 (39)	13 (28)
Alcohol intake during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy N (%)
No	31 (70)	33 (72)	0.54
Yes	13 (30)	13 (28)
Current alcohol intake N (%)
No	32 (73)	37 (80)	0.27
Yes	12 (30)	9 (20)
Medication use during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy N (%)
No	38 (86)	39 (85)	0.53
Yes	6 (14)	7 (15)
Current medication use N (%)
No	42 (95)	43 (93)	0.52
Yes	2 (5)	3 (7)

P-values were determined using the Mann–Whitney test or the chi-square test.