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. 2019 Feb 12;10:714. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08582-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Molecular inhibition of upper small intestinal mTOR lowers glucose production. a–c Representative western blot and quantitative analysis of phosphorylated S6K and S6 protein expression normalized to their respective total in PC12 cells infected with Ad-dn-mTOR and treated with saline (a), IGF1 (b), or leucine (c) compare to cells infected with Ad-Luc and treated with saline. AU1, tag protein for mTOR construct; actin, loading control. a ***p < 0.001 as calculated by unpaired t-test (n = 6 for each group); b, c *p < 0.05 or ***p < 0.001 vs. all other groups as determined by ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (n = 6 for each group). d–f The glucose infusion rate (d), glucose production (e), and glucose uptake (f) during the clamp in HFD-fed rats with upper small intestinal Ad-Luc (n = 6) or Ad-dn-mTOR (n = 6). ***p < 0.001 vs. Ad-Luc as calculated by unpaired t-test. g, h Quantitative analysis and representative western blot of phosphorylated S6K (g) and S6 (h) protein expression normalized to their respective total in the upper small intestinal mucosal tissue of HFD rats with either Ad-Luc (n = 6 for S6k, and 7 for S6) or Ad-dn-mTOR (n = 7 for S6k, and 6 for S6). *p < 0.05 vs. Ad-Luc as calculated by unpaired t-test. Actin, loading control. Values are shown as mean ± s.e.m.