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. 2019 Feb 12;10:714. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08582-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Upper small intestinal mTOR inhibition is necessary for metformin action. a Representative western blot (left) and quantitative analysis (right) of phosphorylated S6K, and S6 protein expression normalized to their respective total protein expression in HEK293 cells infected with either Ad-Luc or Ad-ca-mTOR and then treated with saline or metformin for 12–16 h. AU1, tag protein for mTOR construct; Actin, loading control. **p < 0.01 or ***p < 0.001 vs. all other groups as determined by ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (n = 6 for each group). b–d Glucose infusion rate (b), glucose production (c), and glucose uptake (d) during the clamp in HFD-fed rats infected with either upper small intestinal Ad-Luc or Ad-ca-mTOR and infused with upper intestinal saline (n = 6 for each group) or metformin (n = 7 for each group). ***p < 0.001 vs. all other groups as determined by ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Values are shown as mean ± s.e.m.