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. 2019 Feb 12;9:1801. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38557-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The maximum radius of the balloon depending on the tension of the yarn. (b) The shape of the ballooning yarn in the axial view. (c) The shape of the ballooning yarn between two twirling devices 4.5 m apart, under a constant yarn stress of 33 cN. (d) A section of the ballooning yarn inside the spinning space. The distance between two nodes in the balloon is 0.57 m. (e) When the ballooning yarn is weighed down with the plume of nanofibres, the balloon nodes cease to be clearly visible.