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. 2019 Feb 12;9:1837. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38320-w

Table 2.

Studies reporting the isolation, characterization, and use of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell-Extracellular Vesicles (AFSC-EVs).

Reference Species AFSC isolation EV isolation technique Model Biological effect
Romani et al.22 Human Morphologic selection and confirmation with FACS and RT-PCR UC In vitro: Immuno-modulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells Decrease in T-cell proliferation and expression of immune-modulatory protein IDO1
Xiao et al.23 Mouse FACS of AFSCs expanded in culture ExoQuick-TC In vitro: nitrogen-mustard injured mouse granulosa cells Decrease in granulosa cell apoptosis via microRNA10a
In vivo: chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure in mice Decrease in granulosa cell apoptosis and preservation of ovarian follicles
Balbi et al.24 Human c-Kit+ immunoselection (MACS) UC In vitro: C2C12 mouse myoblast cells, human dermal fibroblasts, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells Inhibition of C2C12 apoptosis, increase in fibroblast proliferation and immunomodulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
In vivo: skeletal muscle atrophy in mice Decrease in skeletal muscle inflammation
Mellows et al.25 Human c-Kit+ immunoselection (MACS) UC In vitro: human glioblastoma (U251) cells Decreased inflammation by suppression of NF-kB signaling
In vivo: acute muscle injury model in mice Angiogenesis and muscle fiber regeneration
Sedrakyan et al.6 Mouse c-Kit+ immunoselection (MACS) UC (+FACS) In vitro: mouse glomerular endothelial cells Protection against VEGF-induced glomerular endothelial cell damage
In vivo: mouse model of Alport syndrome Improvement of renal physiological parameters (proteinuria and serum creatinine)
Beretti et al.26 Human c-Kit+ immunoselection (MACS) TEIR In vitro: Immuno-modulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells Decrease in T-cell proliferation
This study Rat c-Kit+ immunoselection (MACS) UC, Exo-PREP, ExoQuick, TEIR, qEV In vitro: human alveolar epithelial type 2 (A549) cells stressed with nitrofen Decrease in A549 cell apoptosis

FACS: Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting.

RT-PCR: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

UC: Ultracentrifugation.

IDO1: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

MACS: Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting.

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

TEIR: Total Exosome Isolation Reagent.