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. 2019 Feb 6;10:155. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00155

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Copyright © 2019 Limongi, Baldelli, Checconi, Marcocci, De Chiara, Fraternale, Magnani, Ciriolo and Palamara.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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LPS induces an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a concomitant decrease of GSH level. (A) RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 1 and 3 hrs. After 1 and 3 hrs the medium with LPS was replaced with fresh medium for 24 hrs. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production in culture supernatants were detected using Luminex Assay (Bio-Rad). Data are expressed as means ± S.D. (n = 4; *p < 0.01). (B) RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 1 and 3 hrs. Immediately, after 1 and 3 hrs of LPS treatment, GSH content was assayed by HPLC. Data are expressed as means ± S.D. (n = 3; **p < 0.001). (C) RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 1 and 3 hrs. Immediately, after 1 and 3 hrs of LPS treatment GSSG content was assayed by HPLC. Data are expressed as means ± S.D. (n = 3). nd, not determined. All the images reported in the figures are representative of at least three experiments that gave similar results.