Table 3.

Tools, results and conclusions of the selected articles used in this revision related to the use of WBV exercise in the bone of postmenopausal women.

Reference	Tools	Results	Conclusion
Lai et al., 2013 [6]	DEXA was used to measure the lumbar BMD before and after the intervention.	Six mos later, the BMD in the WBV group increased, while in the CG decreased. The lumbar BMD of the WBV group increased significantly.	This study with WBV yielded benefits to the BMD of the lumbar spine in PMW, and could therefore be provided as an alternative exercise.
Stolzenberg et al., 2013 [39]	Neuromuscular testing, Countermovement jump testing, MLH to examine the force development at the ankle joint and STST were performed.	An “intent-to-treat” analysis showed greater improvement in the VIB-group for peak countermovement power. The mean effect size for this parameter was greater change in VIB than BAL. In MLH, a better performance in the VIB-group after the intervention period was seen on a “per-protocol” analysis only. Both groups improved in the STST.	The current study provides evidence that short-duration WBV on exercise can have a greater impact on some aspects of neuromuscular function in PMW with low bone density than proprioceptive training.
von Stengel et al., 2011 [35]	BMD was measured at the hip and lumbar spine at baseline and follow-up using the DEXA method. Falls were recorded daily via the calendar method.	A multifunctional training program had a positive impact on lumbar BMD. The difference between the TG and the CG was significant. At the hip no changes were determined in either group. The fall frequency was significantly lower in TGV compared with CG, whereas the difference between TG and CG was not significant.	The application of vibration did not enhance these effects. However, only the training including WBV affected the number of falls significantly.
Beck and Norling, 2010 [38]	Anthropometrics, bone (whole body, hip, spine, forearm, and heel), muscle (wall squat and chair rise), and balance (tandem walk and single leg stance) were determined.	There were no between-group differences in any measure, but within-group effects were evident. Controls lost bone at the trochanter and lumbar spine, whereas WBV groups did not. WBV subjects improved wall squat and chair rise performance.	Eight mos of twice-weekly WBV may improve lower limb muscle function. These changes may translate to a decreased risk of falls and hip fracture.
Gusi et al., 2006 [36]	Hip and lumbar BMD were measured using DEXA and balance was assessed by the blind flamingo test.	BMD at the femoral neck in the WBV group was increased compared to the Walking group. In contrast, the BMD at the lumbar spine was unaltered in both groups. Balance was improved in the WBV group but not in the Walking group.	The 8-mos course of vibratory exercise using a reciprocating plate is feasible and is more effective than walking to improve two major determinants of bone fractures (BMD at the femoral neck and Balance)
Verschueren et al., 2004 [37]	Hip BMD was measured using DEXA. Isometric and dynamic strength were measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer.	Vibration training improved isometric and dynamic muscle strength and also increased BMD of the hip. No changes in hip BMD were observed in women participating in resistance training or age-matched controls.	WBV training increased BMD of the hip and it may be a feasible and effective way to modify well-recognized risk factors for falls and fractures in older women and support the need for further human studies.

BMD – bone mineral density, Bone ALP – bone alkaline phosphatase; BUA – calcaneal broadband attenuation, CG – control group, DEXA – dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, min-minute, MLH – Multiple 1-leg hopping, mos – months, NTx/Cr – N-telopeptide X adjusted to creatinine, PMW – postmenopausal women, STST – Sit-to-Stand test, TG – training group, wk – week, WBV – whole body vibration, WBVT – whole body vibration training, year – yr, VIB – vibration, TGV – training group including vibration, BAL – balance.