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Schematic diagram of (A) androgen and (B) estrogen effects on AKT/mTOR and FoxO signaling in skeletal muscle cells. Abbreviations: Akt, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase; AMPK, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase FoxO, Forkhead box O; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; IGF-I, insulin growth factor-I; MHC, myosin heavy chain; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; T2, testosterone.
