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. 2019 Feb 12;9:1870. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38803-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Impedance measurements of (A) corneal, (B) lens, (C) retinal epithelial, and (D) CHO cells plated at 20,000 cells/well, exposed to applewood emission extracts with different dilution rates. Note that after the cells become confluent, the medium was changed only once throughout the rest of the lengthy exposure period. As compared to the control cells, the healthy cells, which were exposed to the extracts, could not recover, except at the highest dilution rate (1:100). Overall, the applewood emission extract did show a toxic effect on ocular cells; however, the same concentrations that were toxic to healthy cells accelerated the growth of CHO cells. Values are expressed in mean ± SEM, with each condition tested (n = 8). **P < 0.001.