Table 1.

Patient characteristics per cohort

Baseline	Design cohort		Validation cohort		P Value
	n = 71	%	n = 120	%
Female sex	34	48	53	44	0.654
Median age: years (IQR)	60 (52–67)		64 (58–71)		0.009
Mean age (years)	59 ± 10.6		63 ± 10.0
Median BMI: kg/m2 (IQR)	24.0 (24–26.3)		24.4 (21.8–27.2)		0.353
Mean BMI (kg/m2)	24.3 ± 3.6		24.7 ± 4.2
ASA					< 0.001
ASA 1	12	17	2	2
ASA 2	53	75	50	42
ASA 3 or 4	6	8	68	57
Abdominal surgery history ≥ 1	22	31	53	44	0.061
Neoadjuvant therapy					< 0.001
None	35	49	28	23
Chemotherapy	16	23	33	28
Radiotherapy	1	1	2	2
Both or chemoradiation	19	27	57	48
Hepatic artery embolization	16	23	46	38	0.037
Left gastric artery embolization	6	8	19	16	0.185
Tumor characteristics (pathology)
Ductal adenocarcinoma	62	87	113	94	0.194
Median tumor size: mm (IQR)	40 (34–50)		33 (22–45)		< 0.001
Mean tumor size (mm)	47 ± 29		34 ± 18
AJCCa
T stage ≥ 3	64	90	101	84	0.046
N stage > 0	46	66	64	53	0.168
M stage > 0	1	2	4	3	0.655

IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer

^aBased on the 7th AJCC criteria23