Fig. 1.

Bacterial supernatant treatments stimulated upregulation of immune response gene expressions in INS-1 β-cells. Quantitative PCR analysis shows increased expression of IL-1β (a), TNFα (b), IL-6 (c), TLR2 (d), and TLR4 (e) under exposure to supernatants (S. anginosus, S. mutans, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola) compared to control (white bars). Upregulation was found to be higher when exposed to P. gingivalis and T. denticola and with 50, 200, and 500 ng/ml of supernatants. x-axis: bacterial species and concentration of bacterial supernatants, y-axis: relative gene expressions. Data are mean ± S.D. of at least three independent experiments; *p < 0.05