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Bacterial supernatant treatments stimulated upregulation of insulin gene expressions in INS-1 β-cells. Increased expression of Ins1 (a) and Ins2 (b) genes was found in 50, 200, and 500 ng/ml compared to control (white bars). The supernatants of P. gingivalis and T. denticola showed a prominent increase in gene expression compared to other bacterial species. x-axis: bacterial species and concentration of bacterial supernatants, y-axis: relative genes expression. *p < 0.05. Mean ± SD
