Fig. 5.

Gene expressions of inflammatory factors by GPR35 deletion in DSS-induced colitis. Total RNA was extracted from colonic mucosa in GPR35^−/− mice with or without DSS treatment, GPR35^+/+ mice with or without DSS treatment. Expression levels of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were detected by qPCR, using β-actin as internal control. qPCR analyses of mRNA encoding TNF-α (a), IL-1β (b), IL-6 (c), CXCL1 (d), CXCL2 (e), CCL-2 (f), and HMGB1 (g) are shown in bar graph. N = 5 (GPR35^+/+ alone), n = 3 (GPR35^−/− alone), n = 5 (GPR35^+/+ + DSS), n = 4 (GPR35^−/− + DSS). *p < 0.05 versus GPR35^+/+; #p < 0.05 versus GPR35^+/+ + DSS