Table 3.
Results of Regression Models Evaluating the Association Between Substance Use and Academic Variables
| Skipping school | Low average grades |
Academic self- efficacy score |
Emotional academic engagement score |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Sex (Ref = Male) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 0.70 (0.61, 0.80)** | 0.79 (0.76, 0.83)** | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) |
| Race (Ref = Non-Hispanic white) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.83 (0.70, 0.98)* | 2.25 (1.84, 2.76)** | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99)* | 1.18 (1.04, 1.34)* |
| Hispanic | 1.27 (1.10, 1.45)** | 1.26 (1.04, 1.53)* | 0.88 (0.72, 0.82)** | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) |
| Other/missing | 1.12 (0.97, 1.29) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.27) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) |
| Age (Ref = Less than 18 years old) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25)* | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) |
| Parents’ highest level of education completed (Ref = Less than a high school degree) |
||||
| High school degree | -- | 0.81 (0.68, 0.97)* | 1.13 (1.50, 1.72)** | -- |
| Some college | -- | 0.61 (0.49, 0.75)** | 1.30 (1.21, 1.40)** | -- |
| College degree or higher | -- | 0.40 (0.32, 0.50)** | 1.61 (1.06, 1.20)** | -- |
| Hours worked per week during school year (Ref = 0 hours) |
||||
| Up to 10 hours | 1.12 (0.98, 1.30) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.88)** | -- | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) |
| 11 to 20 hours | 1.19 (1.04, 1.36)* | 0.78 (0.65, 0.95)* | -- | 0.86 (0.78, 0.96)** |
| More than 20 hours | 1.53 (1.34, 1.74)** | 1.04 (0.87, 1.23) | -- | 0.91 (0.82, 1.02) |
| Geographic region (Ref = Northeast) | ||||
| North Central | 0.81 (0.69, 0.94)** | 1.65 (1.33, 2.05)** | 0.99 (0.90, 1.04) | -- |
| Southeast | 1.12 (0.97, 1.28) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15)* | -- |
| West | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) | 2.05 (1.64, 2.56)** | 0.97 (0.92, 1.06) | -- |
| High school program (Ref = College preparatory) | ||||
| General | 1.34 (1.20, 1.49)** | 2.88 (2.47, 3.35)** | 0.61 (0.58, 0.64)** | 0.85 (0.78, 0.93)** |
| Vocational/technical | 1.17 (0.88, 1.57) | 3.49 (2.49, 4.89)** | 0.52 (0.45, 0.59)** | 0.57 (0.45, 0.71)** |
| Other/don’t know | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) | 4.15 (3.36, 5.14)** | 0.47 (0.44, 0.51)** | 0.86 (0.75, 1.00)* |
| Substance use (Ref = Lifetime non-users) | ||||
| Former user | 1.39 (1.11, 1.73)** | 1.31 (0.99, 1.73) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) |
| Past-year user | 2.71 (2.39, 3.07)** | 1.74 (1.47, 2.06)** | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99)* | 0.72 (0.66, 0.79)** |
CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
-- Non-significant variables were dropped from the final models. Age, sex, and race were retained regardless of significance.