Liedl 2011.

Methods	RCT: 3 arms: enhanced treatment, treatment, waiting list; recruited from 2 centres or referred by workers in the field.
Participants	Inclusion criteria: chronic (excluding neuropathic) pain; refugee status; trauma in home country (70% torture). Exclusion criteria: psychotic symptoms; substance‐related symptoms; suicidal ideation; severe dissociative symptoms. Pain condition: chronic (excluding neuropathic) pain. Number of participants: 36 at start of treatment (12 per arm); 30 at end of treatment (10 per arm). Mean (SD) age in years: 41.7 (10.0). Sex: 17 men; 13 women (completers).
Interventions	Experimental groups: CBT‐BF‐PE and CBT‐BF. CBT‐BF: manual‐based; 10 × 90‐minute sessions over 3 months. CBT‐BF‐PE: as above plus PE: physiotherapist‐instructed, handbook‐illustrated, 20 minutes daily, at home. Control group: waiting list (treatment received after 4 months). Therapists: 4 graduate clinical psychology students specially trained in CBT‐BF for such a client group and who had observed a professional CBT‐BF therapist.
Outcomes	Primary outcomes Pain intensity: Verbal Rating Scale (0‐6). Adverse effects: not reported, but dropouts reported without explanation. Secondary outcomes PTSD: PDS (17 items rated 0‐3; maximum score 51: higher was worse). Anxiety: HSCL‐25, Anxiety subscale (10 items rated 1‐4; mean > 1.75 = symptomatic). Disability: FESV. Behavioural coping subscale (12 items: 0‐7). Higher scores indicated less disability. Other outcomes Physiological factors (heart rate; electromyography). Time points for assessment: baseline, end of treatment, 3‐month follow‐up. Languages of assessment: questionnaires translated into multiple languages of participants and completed with computer or spoken.
Notes	Data available for all outcomes, pre‐ and post‐treatment and follow‐up. Study period: recruitment 2007‐2009. Country: Germany and Switzerland. Language of assessment: participants provided with interpreters for interview; questionnaires translated. Funding source: not stated. Declarations of interest among the primary researchers: no conflicts of interest.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details given of process.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described but difficult to achieve in the circumstances.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Completers only analysed (30/36 participants).
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcomes reported.
Size	High risk	< 50 participants per treatment arm.
Other bias	Unclear risk	Therapists were graduate students, not authors of study. Therapist allegiance not stated. Language of assessment: interpreted or translated so unstandardised.