. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 24.

Published in final edited form as: J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2018 Dec 24;21(5):291–319. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1554515

Table 1.

Persistent organic pollutants and preeclampsia

Study				Exposure				Association
Reference	Design	Location	Sample size	Timing	Assessment	Chemical	Level	Modeled Exposure	HR/OR/RR (95% CI)

Eslami 2016	Case-control	Tehran, Iran	N=115 n_PE=45	3^rd trimester	Serum (ng/g lipid)	Total PCB	PE: 3.72 (2.37) Control: 2.07 (1.66)	Not reported	OR: 1.77 (1.34, 2.32)
						Total PBDE	PE: 2.15 (1.64) Control: 1.20 (0.90)		2.19 (1.39, 3.45)
						Total POP	PE: 5.87 (3.54) Control: 3.28 (2.23)		1.54 (1.26, 1.87)

Murray 2018	Retrospective cohort	South Africa	N=633 n_PE=15	Delivery	Serum (ng/g lipid)	p,p’-DDT	52.5 (18.6, 257.1)^†	Per ln-unit	OR: 1.26 (0.74, 2.16)
						p,p’-DDE	239.0 (88.7, 878.1)^†		1.14 (0.62, 2.10)
						o,p’-DDT	7.0 (3.4, 22.6)^†		1.48 (0.86, 2.56)

Savitz 2014	Retrospective cohort	U.S.	N=1,933 n_PE=131	Every 8 weeks after enrollment; analysis used 3^rd trimester samples	Serum (µg/l)	p,p’-DDT	9.25 (6.22, 14.19)^†	Upper vs. lowest quintile	OR: 0.6 (0.2, 1.5)
						p,p’-DDE	24.50 (16.95, 36.73)^†		0.8 (0.4, 1.8)
						Total PCB	2.69 (1.85, 3.83)^†		0.5 (0.2, 1.3)
						β-HCH	1.39 (1.01, 2.11)^†		1.2 (0.5, 3.2)

Savitz 2012	Cross-sectional	Mid-Ohio Valley, US	N=10,189 n_PE=730	Measured in 2005–2006 and modeled 15 years prior	Estimated serum (ng/ml)	PFOA	Exposure year 1990–1994: 6.0 (4.5, 27.6)^† 1995–1999: 10.7 (5.1, 50.4)^† 2000–2005: 15.9 (5.9, 56.2)^†	IQR (lnPFOA)	OR: 1.13 (1.00, 1.28)

Stein 2009	Cross-sectional	Mid-Ohio Valley, US	N=1,589 n_PE=156	Measured in 2005–2006 and included pregnancies from 2000–2006	Serum (ng/ml)	PFOA	21.2 (10.3, 49.8)^†	≥50^th percentile vs. <50^th percentile	OR: 1.3 (0.9, 1.9)
Stein 2009	Cross-sectional	Mid-Ohio Valley, US	N=4,566 n_PE=407		Serum (ng/ml)	PFOS	13.6 (9.4, 18.7)^†	≥50^th percentile vs. <50^th percentile	1.3 (1.1, 1.7)

Starling 2014	Case-cohort	Norway	N=976 n_PE=466	2^nd trimester	Plasma (ng/ml)	PFOA	2.78 (2.14, 3.57)^†	Per ln-unit	HR: 0.89 (0.65, 1.22)
						PFNA	0.54 (0.39, 0.74)^†		0.90 (0.70, 1.16)
						PFDA	0.10 (<LOQ, 0.18)^†		0.88 (0.75, 1.04)
						PFUnDA	0.17 (0.08, 0.27)^†		0.78 (0.66, 0.92)
						PFHxS	0.69 (0.49, 0.95)^†		0.91 (0.72, 1.14)
						PFHpS	0.15 (0.09, 0.23)^†		1.03 (0.86, 1.24)
						PFOS	12.87 (9.69, 17.03)^†		1.13 (0.84, 1.52)

Abbreviations: hazard ratio (HR); odds ratio (OR); risk ratio (RR); confidence interval (CI); interquartile range (IQR); preeclampsia (PE); polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE); persistent organic pollutants (POP); dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE); beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH); perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA); perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS); perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA); perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA); perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA); perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS); perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS)

^(†)

Note. Levels represent mean (standard deviation), or median (IQR).