. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 24.

Published in final edited form as: J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2018 Dec 24;21(5):291–319. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1554515

Table 2.

Drinking water contaminants and preeclampsia

Study				Exposure				Association
Reference	Design	Location	Sample size	Timing	Assessment	Chemical	Level	Modeled Exposure	HR/OR/RR (95% CI)

Carwile 2014	Retrospective cohort	MA, U.S.	N=4,836 n_PE=49	Year of LMP	Weber and Brown leaching and transport model	PCE	Median cumulative exposure before LMP month and year: 0.57 grams	Any vs. none	RR: 0.37 (0.17, 0.83)
Carwile 2014	Retrospective cohort	MA, U.S.	N=4,836 n_PE=49	Year of LMP	Weber and Brown leaching and transport model	PCE		>50^th vs. none	0.36 (0.12, 1.07)

Abbreviations: hazard ratio (HR); odds ratio (OR); risk ratio (RR); confidence interval (CI); preeclampsia (PE); last menstrual period (LMP); Massachusetts (MA); tetrachloroethylene (PCE)