TABLE 1.
Representative findings resulting from studies using chronic wound tissue as biomaterial
| Discovery | Type of analysis | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| VLU | ||
| Deregulation of epidermal stem cell niche and deprivation of ESCs contribute to pathogenesis of non-healing venous ulcers (n=10) | Histology/IHC, gene arrays, | [38] |
| Mechanism of action of bioengineered bilayered living cellular constructs in VLUs by remodelling inflammatory response. Identified nuclear β-cateni as biomarker of non-healing phenotype (n=30) | Gene arrays, IHC | [44] |
| miR-16, -20a, -21, -106a -130a and -203 were overexpressed in chronic wounds (n=10) | Histology/IHC, omics | [89] |
| Altered expression of genes in VLU code for mediators of inflammation and apoptotic pathways (n=10) | Histology, gene arrays | [130] |
| Epidermis of chronic VLU is hyperproliferative and non-migratory due to nuclear presence of beta-catenin and c-myc (n=10) | IHC, gene expression | [99] |
| Antimicrobial peptide LL37 is diminished in chronic wounds and impairs re-epithelialization (n=9) | IHC, gene expression, microbiology | [127] |
| The suppression of TGF-β receptors in non-healing chronic venous ulcers contributes to wound chronicity (n=12) | Histology, gene arrays | [131] |
| TIMP-1 is overexpressed near the basement membrane in acute wounds, but not in chronic wounds (n=8) | Gene expression, IHC | [132] |
| DFU | ||
| miR15b is induced by S. aureus infection in DFU and contributes to suppressed DNA repair and diminished inflammation (n=12) | Gene expression arrays, IHC | [43] |
| miRNA-132 is suppressed in DFU, and its local replenishment may have therapeutic potential (n=29) | IHC, gene expression | [92] |
| The number of circulating progenitors is correlated with healing outcome of chronic DFUs (n=100) | Flow cytometry, genomics | [86] |
| Higher levels of pro-inflammatory M2 type macrophages favour wound healing in DFU (n=10) | Gene expression | [133] |
| Healing DFUs have higher number of Langerhans cells compared with non-healing DFU (n=12) | Histology, IHC | [126] |
| Quality assessment for use of DFU tissue specimens in research found that only two-thirds of collected specimens was usable for translational studies (n=25) | Histology, IHC RNA isolation | [117] |
| DFUs have increased levels of miR-198, an important regulatory switch controlling wound closure (n=8) | IHC, gene expression | [134] |
| Stem cell mobilization is increased in DFU patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy (n=12) | IHC, flow cytometry, | [135] |
| Persistently elevated MMP concentrations and imbalance of their inhibitors provide evidence for a hostile molecular environment in DFU (n=20)[82] and VLU (n=5)[70] | Proteomics, enzyme activity | [70,82] |
| Other types of chronic wound | ||
| Extensive neutrophil infiltration in chronic pressure ulcer granulation tissue contributes to chronicity (n=11) | Histology, enzyme activity | [136] |
| Laser capture microdissection was established for endothelial cell followed by microarray analysis and validation (n=3) | Histology, gene expression | [39] |
| High prevalence of Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and anaerobic bacteria found in chronic VLU and PU (n=2,963) | 16S rDNA sequencing | [57] |
IHC, immunohistochemistry; n, number of human subjects.
Major type of analyses utilized in the study is outlined. We apologize to authors who have relevant literature not included in this table due to space limitations.