TABLE 3.
Difference in VAT per 100 g/d consumption of the food groups in participants in the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study1
| Crude | Multivariable | Multivariable + TBF | Multivariable + TBF + healthy diet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food groups | Difference in VAT, cm2 (95% CI) | Difference in VAT, cm2 (95% CI) | Difference in VAT, cm2 (95% CI) | Difference in VAT, cm2 (95% CI) |
| Cheese | ||||
| Total | 6.9 (−4.2, 17.9) | −0.2 (−8.7, 8.3) | −0.1 (−7.7, 7.6) | −0.2 (−7.9, 7.5) |
| Men | 16.8 (2.2, 31.4)* | 7.8 (−5.8, 21.4) | 0.4 (−10.7,11.6) | 0.2 (−10.9, 11.4) |
| Women | −6.6 (−19.5, 6.3) | −8.6 (−19.0, 1.9) | −4.2 (−13.8, 5.4) | −4.3 (−13.9, 5.3) |
| Milk | ||||
| Total | 1.5 (−0.2, 3.2) | −0.3 (−1.5, 0.8) | 0.2 (−0.9, 1.2) | 0.1 (−0.9, 1.2) |
| Men | 0.19 (−2.1, 2.5) | −0.1 (−2.0, 1.8) | 0.7 (−0.9, 2.4) | 0.7 (−1.0, 2.3) |
| Women | −0.4 (−1.9, 1.1) | −0.6 (−1.7, 0.5) | −0.2 (−1.4,0.9) | −0.3 (−1.4, 0.8) |
| Yogurt | ||||
| Total | −8.8 (−13.1, −4.5)* | −7.4 (−11.0, −3.9)* | −5.2 (−7.8, −2.6)* | −5.0 (−7.6, −2.4)* |
| Men | −7.4 (−12.6, −2.2)* | −6.0 (−11.3, −0.6)* | −3.9 (−7.8, 0.0) | −3.7 (−7.6, 0.2) |
| Women | −5.9 (−10.0, −1.7)* | −9.2 (−12.3, −6.1)* | −6.6 (−9.4, −3.7)* | −6.3 (−9.1, −3.4)* |
| Cream butter | ||||
| Total | −3.5 (−48.0, 40.9) | −9.6 (−37.8, 18.5) | −6.8 (−33.8, 20.2) | −7.3 (−34.6, 20.0) |
| Men | −29.8 (−85.7, 26.1) | −43.8 (−97.2, 9.6) | −30.3 (−69.7, 9.0) | −27.8 (−67.0, 11.4) |
| Women | −7.4 (−52.4, 37.5) | 13.0 (−23.5, 49.5) | 10.4 (−27.3, 48.1) | 10.8 (−27.0, 48.7) |
| Fruit | ||||
| Total | −5.2 (−7.7, −2.7) | −2.3 (−4.2, −0.4) | −1.2 (−2.9, 0.5) | −1.2 (−2.9, 0.5) |
| Men | −3.9 (−7.3, −0.4)* | −2.6 (−5.9, 0.8) | −0.6 (−3.5, 2.3) | −0.5 (−3.4, 2.3) |
| Women | −1.7 (−4.1, 0.8) | −1.9 (−3.9, 0.0) | −1.3 (−3.1, 0.5) | −1.3 (−3.1, 0.5) |
| Vegetables | ||||
| Total | −0.8 (−3.6, 2.1) | −1.2 (−3.3, 1.0) | −1.5 (−3.4, 0.4) | −1.5 (−3.4, 0.4) |
| Men | −0.4 (−5.0, 4.2) | −0.8 (−5.0, 3.5) | −2.1 (−5.9, 1.6) | −1.8 (−5.6, 1.9) |
| Women | 1.5 (−1.3, 4.3) | −1.5 (−3.7, 0.7) | −1.3 (−3.2, 0.7) | −1.3 (−3.3, 0.8) |
| Cake | ||||
| Total | 4.7 (−4.9, 14.3) | −1.8 (−9.9, 6.3) | −3.3 (−10.1, 3.5) | −3.8 (−10.6, 3.1) |
| Men | −2.1 (−16.5, 12.2) | 0.1 (−13.7, 13.9) | −0.1 (−10.6, 10.5) | 0.1 (−10.5, 10.7) |
| Women | 3.6 (−6.8, 14.1) | −1.6 (−10.4, 7.2) | −2.2 (−10.3, 5.9) | −3.3 (−11.5, 4.8) |
| Candy | ||||
| Total | 1.5 (−6.2, 9.2) | 0.1 (−6.2, 6.5) | 1.7 (−4.0, 7.4) | 1.0 (−4.9, 6.9) |
| Men | −1.4 (−12.6, 9.9) | −2.4 (−14.1, 9.2) | 1.9 (−7.6, 11.3) | 1.6 (−7.9, 11.1) |
| Women | −0.4 (−7.2, 6.3) | 2.4 (−4.2, 9.0) | 2.7 (−3.8, 9.3) | 1.8 (−4.9, 8.6) |
| Margarine | ||||
| Total | 34.1 (20.0, 48.2) | −10.5 (−23.0, 2.0) | −14.2 (−24.3, −4.1)* | −16.6 (−26.8, −6.4)* |
| Men | −2.7 (−21.0, 15.6) | −18.3 (−36.3,−0.4)* | −19.2 (−32.6, −5.8)* | −21.1 (−34.9, −7.3)* |
| Women | 11.1 (−7.1, 29.3) | 2.1 (−11.7, 15.8) | −7.0 (−20.1, 6.0) | −9.4 (−22.5, 3.8) |
| Oils | ||||
| Total | 27.1 (−4.3, 58.5) | 10.0 (−15.4, 35.4) | 2.1 (−20.1, 24.3) | 5.6 (−17.2, 28.3) |
| Men | 24.0 (−14.9, 63.0) | 13.2 (−23.9,50.4) | −10.4 (−41.6, 20.9) | −8.2 (−40.0, 23.7) |
| Women | 4.1 (−35.1, 43.4) | 5.4 (−27.6, 38.4) | 9.8 (−20.3, 39.9) | 13.8 (−16.5, 44.2) |
11
Participants were men and women aged between 45 and 65 y who were not using glucose-lowering therapy. Multivariable: adjusted for age, total energy intake, smoking, education, ethnicity, physical activity in leisure time, basal metabolic rate, menopause, and energy-restricted diet. Results are based on analysis weighted toward the BMI distribution of the general population (n = 2304; 1191 men and 1113 women). *P < 0.05. TBF, total body fat; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.