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. 2018 Dec 22;149(2):286–294. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy239

TABLE 1.

Distribution of participant characteristics in quintiles of the insulin-related dietary indexes1

Dietary index quintiles2
Nurses’ Health Study Health Professionals Follow-up Study
Characteristic Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5
EDIH score
 n 1238 1245 1245 1245 1242 788 795 796 795 790
 Plasma C-peptide, ng/mL 1.9 ± 0.9 2.1 ± 0.8 2.1 ± 0.8 2.3 ± 0.9 2.6 ± 0.9 2.0 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 0.9 2.4 ± 0.9 2.4 ± 0.9
 BMI, kg/m2 24.1 ± 3.9 25.0 ± 4.1 25.0 ± 4.1 26.3 ± 4.9 27.7 ± 5.4 25.2 ± 2.9 25.3 ± 2.9 25.7 ± 3.1 26.0 ± 3.2 26.9 ± 3.9
 Overweight/obese (BMI ≥25), % 33.5 42.6 45.1 53.5 63.5 48.2 52.6 57.3 60.9 67.1
 Age at screening, y 59.5 ± 6.6 58.9 ± 6.6 58.9 ± 6.6 57.6 ± 7.1 56.3 ± 7.5 62.6 ± 8.2 62.5 ± 8.3 62.4 ± 8.4 61.9 ± 8.3 60.8 ± 8.4
 Physical activity, MET-h/wk 18.9 ± 20.1 17.3 ± 25.5 17.3 ± 25.5 15.0 ± 21.8 13.2 ± 21.3 45.0 ± 40.0 38.0 ± 34.1 38.8 ± 39.0 34.1 ± 34.6 34.6 ± 48.5
Alcohol,3 servings/wk 1.3 ± 1.8 0.6 ± 0.9 0.6 ± 0.9 0.4 ± 0.6 0.3 ± 0.8 2.4 ± 2.3 1.5 ± 1.6 1.1 ± 1.4 1.0 ± 1.2 0.9 ± 1.2
 Total energy intake, kcal/d 1907 ± 487 1739 ± 479 1739 ± 479 1678 ± 489 1859 ± 552 2207 ± 617 1982 ± 574 1958 ± 599 1920 ± 568 2176 ± 640
 Dietary fiber, g/d 20.9 ± 6.5 19.7 ± 5.2 19.7 ± 5.2 17.8 ± 5.0 16.2 ± 4.2 27.2 ± 8.1 24.8 ± 7.3 22.5 ± 6.0 21.0 ± 5.6 18.6 ± 5.3
 Dietary calcium, mg/d 765 ± 293 780 ± 278 780 ± 278 741 ± 283 684 ± 253 830 ± 277 832 ± 285 840 ± 308 804 ± 286 750 ± 270
 Dietary vitamin D, IU/d 208 ± 117 221 ± 113 221 ± 113 224 ± 122 203 ± 112 257 ± 135 269 ± 139 273 ± 128 269 ± 126 257 ± 121
 Dietary lycopene, mg/d 5.8 ± 3.6 6.3 ± 3.7 6.3 ± 3.7 6.4 ± 3.6 6.7 ± 4.2 7.4 ± 4.6 7.6 ± 4.7 7.5 ± 4.7 7.8 ± 5.9 7.9 ± 5.6
 Whole grains, g/d 24.5 ± 19.2 23.2 ± 15.4 23.2 ± 15.4 19.9 ± 14.6 14.8 ± 11.8 37.3 ± 21.6 35.5 ± 21.1 31.8 ± 19.8 27.8 ± 16.3 22.2 ± 14.8
 Aspirin/NSAID user, % 33.8 31.4 35.3 37.8 40.5 18.4 21.1 17.3 17.4 22.7
 Current smoker, % 10.9 10.8 11.5 11.2 12.2 2.0 4.3 3.5 4.9 7.7
II score
 n 1243 1243 1242 1243 1244 789 792 799 795 789
 Plasma C-peptide, ng/mL 2.2 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 0.9 2.1 ± 0.9 2.3 ± 0.9 2.3 ± 0.9 2.4 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 0.9
 BMI, kg/m2 25.6 ± 4.8 26.2 ± 4.9 25.8 ± 4.7 25.8 ± 4.7 25.1 ± 4.3 26.1 ± 3.4 26.1 ± 3.3 25.9 ± 3.3 25.7 ± 3.2 25.3 ± 3.1
 Overweight/obese (BMI ≥25), % 47.2 50.6 48.4 48.3 43.7 61.1 60.4 58.2 56.1 50.3
 Age at screening, y 57.7 ± 6.9 58.0 ± 7.2 57.7 ± 7.2 58.3 ± 7.0 59.2 ± 6.7 61.9 ± 8.1 61.7 ± 8.4 62.3 ± 8.2 61.8 ± 8.6 62.5 ± 8.5
 Physical activity, MET-h/wk 17.4 ± 23.6 16.4 ± 20.8 14.9 ± 16.2 17.0 ± 32.1 15.7 ± 24.0 36.8 ± 36.6 40.9 ± 47.7 37.7 ± 39.1 37.1 ± 37.9 37.9 ± 35.8
Alcohol,3 servings/wk 1.6 ± 1.9 0.6 ± 0.9 0.4 ± 0.6 0.3 ± 0.5 0.2 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 2.3 1.6 ± 1.4 1.1 ± 1.2 0.8 ± 1.0 0.5 ± 0.7
 Total energy intake, kcal/d 1765 ± 541 1820 ± 528 1800 ± 497 1770 ± 484 1693 ± 451 2001 ± 622 2105 ± 627 2028 ± 645 2006 ± 564 2001 ± 584
 Dietary fiber, g/d 17.8 ± 6.3 18.3 ± 5.5 18.7 ± 5.0 19.1 ± 5.2 19.6 ± 5.4 20.6 ± 7.4 22.2 ± 6.9 22.7 ± 7.0 23.8 ± 6.8 24.8 ± 7.2
 Dietary calcium, mg/d 668 ± 266 736 ± 293 752 ± 270 783 ± 278 791 ± 264 717 ± 254 792 ± 292 806 ± 252 846 ± 292 897 ± 329
 Dietary vitamin D, IU/d 206 ± 125 220 ± 123 219 ± 114 221 ± 109 215 ± 105 245 ± 128 267 ± 125 265 ± 122 273 ± 136 276 ± 138
 Dietary lycopene, mg/d 6.9 ± 4.6 6.5 ± 3.8 6.2 ± 3.3 6.2 ± 3.4 5.6 ± 3.2 8.1 ± 5.2 8.3 ± 5.8 7.4 ± 4.4 7.6 ± 4.9 6.9 ± 5.3
 Whole grains, g/d 15.9 ± 16.9 19.8 ± 15.2 20.7 ± 14.9 22.2 ± 15.0 25.0 ± 17.0 24.1 ± 17.9 28.7 ± 18.0 31.3 ± 19.6 33.5 ± 18.5 37.2 ± 21.0
 Aspirin/NSAID user, % 36.6 37.2 35.8 36.0 33.4 22.2 21.0 20.2 17.4 16.2
 Current smoker, % 20.4 12.4 9.5 7.2 7.2 8.9 4.3 4.9 2.1 2.3
1

Values are percentages or means ± SDs. All biomarker values were back-transformed (ex) as biomarker data were ln-transformed before analyses. EDIH, empirical dietary index for hyperinsulemia; II, dietary insulin index; MET-h, metabolic equivalent hours; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

2

Both dietary index scores were adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method. Lower dietary index scores indicate low insulinemic diets, whereas higher scores indicate high insulinemic diets.

3

Alcohol servings was the sum of servings of: beer (1 glass, 1 bottle, or 1 can), wine (4-oz glass of red wine, white wine), and liquor (1 drink or 1 shot whiskey, gin, etc.).