Table 1 |.

Preclinical and clinical interventions that relate to the connection between obesity and cancer

Trial type	Intervention	Details	Clinical trial IDs	Refs
Effects on cancer and related end points
Clinical	Telephone-based consultation	Breast Cancer Weight Loss (BWEL) study Effect of telephone-based weight loss coaching in adjuvant treatment of women who are overweight and obese with breast cancer Phase III	NCT02750826 (recruiting)	154
Clinical	Mediterranean-style diet	Effect of Mediterranean-style diet compared with low-fat diet recommendations on breast cancer incidence Retrospectively registered trial	ISRCTN35739639	162,191
Clinical	Antidiabetic (metformin)	Effects of metformin on cancer progression, recurrence and/or response to therapy Phase III trial (IDs are shown) Additional phase I/II trials in prostate cancer (9), breast cancer (9) and >30 others are also ongoing	NCT01697566 (endometrial cancer) NCT01101438 (breast cancer) NCT02065687 (endometrial cancer) NCT02040376 (medulloblastoma)	192–195
Clinical	Antidiabetic (pioglitazone)	Effects of pioglitazone on cancer progression, recurrence and/or response to therapy Phase II trial (IDs are shown) >5 additional phase I trials are also ongoing	NCT01655719 (thyroid cancer) NCT00780234 (lung cancer) NCT01838317 (pancreatic cancer) NCT00099021 (head and neck cancer) NCT00427999 (prostate cancer)	196–200
Clinical	Exercise	Yale Exercise and Survivorship study Effect of aerobic exercise on levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in survivors of breast cancer	NA	201
Clinical	Exercise	Effects of exercise on biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome and sarcopenic obesity in survivors of breast cancer who are overweight and obese	NA	168
Clinical	Exercise	Effects of exercise on insulin resistance and circulating biomarkers in postmenopausal survivors of breast cancer	NA	202
Clinical	Bariatric surgery	Swedish Obese Subjects study Effects of bariatric surgery on long-term weight loss and cause-specific mortality (including cancer)	NCT01479452	152
Preclinical	Caloric restriction mimetics	Effects of caloric restriction mimetics on anticancer immune surveillance	NA	146
Preclinical	Fasting-mimicking diet	Effects of fasting-mimicking diet in combination with chemotherapy in breast cancer and melanoma models	NA	147
Preclinical	Dietary restriction	Effects of dietary restriction (60% of normal daily food intake) on PI3K wild-type versus mutant tumour models.	NA	159
Effects on the ATME and related end points
Clinical	VLCD	Effect of VLCD on inflammatory transcriptional profile of the ATME	NA	155
Clinical	VLCD	Effects of rapid weight loss on systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and metabolism in postmenopausal women who are obese	NA	156
Clinical	Mediterranean-style diet	Effect of Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial function in patients with the metabolic syndrome	NA	160,161
Clinical	Low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet	Effect of a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet in patients with severe obesity	NCT00160108	163–165
Clinical	Antidiabetic (pioglitazone)	Effect of pioglitazone on ATME physiology, inflammation and lipid distribution in people who are obese Phase IV	NCT00108615 NCT00470262 NCT00579813	203
Preclinical	Caloric restriction	Effect of 30% caloric restriction on inflammation in the mammary fat pad of obese mice	NA	158
Preclinical	Antidiabetic (pioglitazone)	Effect of pioglitazone on periprostatic WAT inflammation in obese mice	NA	143
Preclinical	Oestrogen supplementation	Effect of oestrogen on mammary WAT inflammation in obese mice	NA	149

The list of clinical trials is not exhaustive; only trials categorized as “Active, not recruiting” or “Completed” by ClinicalTrials.gov are shown, unless otherwise indicated. ATME, adipose tissue microenvironment; IDs, identifiers; NA, not applicable; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; WAT, white adipose tissue; VLCD, very-low-calorie diet.