Table 3.
Genetic abnormalities associated with GluN dysfunction and impaired extinction
| Gene/drug | Modification | Species | GluN deficit | Circuit | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| serine racemase |
single nucleotide polymorphism rs4523957 |
human | Predicted reduced D- serine levels |
n/a | Associated with PTSD |
(Balu et al. 2018) |
| BDNF | Val66Met Polymorphism |
mouse | Suppressed GluN transmission |
CEm amygdala |
Impaired fear extinction |
(Galvin et al. 2015) |
| 129S1/SvImJ (S1) strain |
Inbred strain | mouse | Possibly Suppressed GluN transmission (DCS reverses deficit) |
n/a | Resistance to fear extinction |
(Whittle et al. 2013) |
| PI3K knockout |
Transgene | mouse | Impaired GluN transmission |
Hippocampus | Impaired fear extinction |
(Kim et al. 2011) |
| GRIN1 knockout |
Transgene | mouse | GluN1 deficiency in PFC excitatory neurons |
PFC | Enhanced fear extinction |
(Vieira et al. 2015) |
| GRIN1A | Transgene | mouse | CA1- specific knockout |
Hippocampus | Enhances fear renewal |
(Hirsch et al. 2015) |
| Aquaporin-4 | Knockout | mouse | Enhanced GluN2B transmission |
Astrocytes | Enhanced fear extinction |
(Wu et al. 2017) |