Table 5.

Summary heat map demonstrating effect sizes of group differences comparing adults aged 36+ years with preclinical and prodromal dementia, and prodromal and clinical dementia

Domain	Outcomes	Preclinical versus prodromal	Prodromal versus clinical
IQ	KBIT-2 verbal raw score		**
	KBIT-2 nonverbal raw score		*
Memory	PAL first trial memory score	*	*
	PAL stages completed		**
	Orientation		*
	Object memory immediate recall		***
	Object memory delayed recall		***
	DLD cognitive score		***
	OMQ total score	***	***
Executive function	IED stage 1 errors		*
	IED stages completed		*
	Verbal fluency
	Tower of London		*
	BRIEF-A total score		*
	BRIEF-A Behavioral Regulation Index
	BRIEF-A Metacognition Index	*	*
Attention	SRT total correct		**
	SRT mean latency		**
	SRT latency standard deviation	*
Motor	Finger-nose pointing		*
	NEPSY-II train and car		**
	NEPSY-II car and motorbike
Adaptive	Short ABS total score		***
	Short ABS personal self-sufficiency		**
	Short ABS community self-sufficiency		**
	Short ABS personal-social responsibility		**
	DLD social score		**

NOTE. ^∗η² > 0.10, ^†η² > 0.15, and ^‡η² > 0.20. Group comparisons included age, premorbid ID severity, and multimorbidity as covariates.

Abbreviations: ABS, Adaptive Behavior Scale; BRIEF-A, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult version; DLD, Dementia Questionnaire for People with Learning Disabilities; ID, intellectual disability; IED, intra-/extra-dimensional set shift; KBIT-2, Kaufmann Brief Intelligence Test 2; OMQ, Observer Memory Questionnaire; NEPSY-II, Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment-II; PAL, paired associates learning; SRT, simple reaction time.