Table 3.

Summary of reviewed papers—community resilience.

Paper and country	Years	Aim	Population	Data collection and analysis	Results
Wood et al. (29) Australia	2015	Document and reclaim stories of survival and resilience to enable people to speak of future hopes and dreams	Kalumburu (indigenous) community	Narrative Inquiry using an online outsider witness practice	Strong Women's Group used re-authoring, remembering, outsider witness process and definitional ceremonies to re-frame problems within the community and plan for collective action around: youth crime and detention, lack of child education, alcohol abuse, chronic disease (diabetes and heart disease), neglect, violence and families fighting, suicide of young people.
Cinderby et al. (30) United Kingdom	2016	Examine experience to build community resilience, where facilitators supported residents to take ownership of their own agendas	N = 249	Participatory Action Research	Highlights importance of improving quality of life and capacity of neighborhoods build resilience and how the community manages its environment. This includes: 1. Transforming social relationships; 2. Strengthening institutions; 3. Influencing local power balances.
Congues (31) Australia	2014	Examine the impact of drought on a farming community and success of attempts to promote and empower resilience and social connectedness	Whole community (size not specified)	Interpretive document analysis of range of evaluation reports and minutes	Strong women, strong families program identified as very successful (event for rural women to develop sense of friendship, ownership, education on mental health, enable empowerment), although criticized by some as led to belief women were responsible for welfare of husbands. Recommendation similar program be developed for men.
de Schweinitz et al. (32) Alaska	2017	Explore perceptions of causes and prevention of suicide and the functioning of Village Wellness Teams within rural Alaska Native community	N = 54 (n = 43 women; n = 11 men)	Focus groups	Participants were willing to directly confront the topic of suicide and its prevention, including the community's capacity to respond to emergencies and the creation of safe, alcohol- and drug-free events. Believed suicide partly attributed to loss of culture, language, and subsistence activities, as well as limited local economic opportunities and services. Recognized different needs for men and women.
Madsen and O'Mullen (33) Australia	2014	Evaluation of locally devised and delivered rural leadership programme	N = 16	Interpretative case study using semi-structured interviews	Two key themes illustrate how leadership programmes can contribute to the development of community resilience were identified: 1. Self-development (awareness of strengths and weaknesses of self and others, gaining of self-confidence, and emotional intelligence, increased understanding of leadership); 2. Building social capital (interaction between community members, ability to draw from other people's experiences, share knowledge, strengthens bond of community).
Madsen and O'Mullen (34) Australia	2016	Residents' perception of community resilience and how community resilience can be enhanced	First workshop, N = 18 (n = 17 female, n = 1 male) Second workshop, N = 14 (n = 13, female, n = 1 male)	Participatory research approach using photo-voice and surveys	Five themes identified as important factors in community resilience: 1. Social connectedness and belonging; 2. Optimistic acceptance of circumstances; 3. Learning tolerance and patience; 4. Learning from the past for the future.
McCrea et al. (35) Australia	2016	Test predictability of measures and concepts of community wellbeing and community resilience	N = 389	Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews. Path analysis to test model of community wellbeing and resilience	Community wellbeing predicted by community spirit and cohesion; services and facilities; community and social interaction; environmental loading; built environment; personal safety. Community resilience.
					predicted by community decision making and trust; trust in industry decision making. Place attachment found to be separate construct and not a part of either community wellbeing or community resilience
Roberts and Townsend (12) Scotland	2016	Develop an understanding of cultural and digital capital to evaluate the contribution of creative practitioners to rural community resilience	N = 15	Semi-structured interviews based resilience framework themes	Creative practitioners developed adaptive capacities to compensate for slow and unreliable internet. Their contribution to cultural capital depended on connection to local community. Cultural activity seen as having spillover effects: economic benefits; bringing community together; employment/training; diversity.
Sangha et al. (36) Australia	2017	Community perceptions of resilience undertaken in two Northern Australian communities	N = 188	Survey, focus groups, semi-structured key interviews Desktop studies	Understanding of natural hazards interpreted in context of other hazards, including colonization and government intervention. There is a mismatch between the expectations of government emergency agencies and local communities related to: feelings of safety; recognition of cultural norms, practices and ceremonies; effect of disasters on physical, spiritual and economic conditions in communities; knowledge and accessibility of emergency plans; recognition of local Aboriginal organizations, local social networks and knowledges; ongoing need to strengthen local capacity; need for economic independence.
Smith and Lawrence (13) Australia	2014	Investigate food insecurity during and immediately after a major flood event	N = 13	Grounded Theory Semi-structured interviews Policy analysis Media and government literature review	Reliance on supermarkets with little food in supply chains, and limited alternative local food supply avenues. During a flood, there is a focus on supplying food to most vulnerable relying on community resources. Despite many examples of positive “collective community capacity” during the flood event (e.g., flexible and innovative use of personal “networking” to move food from one location to another), numerous challenges related to formal decision making and information-sharing processes.
Steiner (14) Scotland	2016	Explore whether facilitated community interventions can empower and develop community resilience	N = 30	Semi-structured interviews	Six rural communities were facilitated and provided with funding to undertake a community project: 3 completed; 3 did not in the timeframe. Facilitating factors included: funding availability; facilitator; increasing confidence and networking. Challenges included: lack of sufficient information; consistency of facilitator; insufficient communication; need for more flexibility in timelines; danger of dividing communities.
Tudor et al. (37) New Zealand	2015	Understand the role of craft and crafting groups in disaster recovery to help build connection to place and provide avenue for growth	N = 32 (n = 9 interviews n = 5 focus groups)	Semi-structured interviews and focus groups	Five themes identified related to role local organically formed groups of crafters played in providing opportunity for adaptation after a natural disaster: 1. Crafting for recovery and healing; 2. Social connection; 3. Learning and meaning making; 4. Giving to others; 5. A vision for the future.
Williams (44) Australia	2013	Understand impact of extreme heat events on services and “at-risk” populations, including older community dwelling adults	N = 13 health service providers from 11 rural and remote communities	Semi-structured interviews	Increased use of health services but not as refuges from heat (air conditioned). Noted community members moderated own activities to restrict going outside during middle of day. Potential for older people to restrict social access, and to stay in a single air-conditioned room. Need to check elderly if have air conditioning, able to use it or willing to use it, and if have lack of sensitivity to heat. Noted safety issues related to locking doors and windows reducing housing ventilation.
Linnell et al. (39) Sweden	2015	Explore two key areas in crisis management: (a) the role of local communities in crisis preparedness and response, and (b) how to involve the citizens in this task	N = 33	In-depth interviews	Seven main themes related to enhanced public resilience: 1. Collaboration: Formal and informal practices; 2. Specific competences and general abilities; 3. Collective efforts and individual self-help; 4. Education and empowerment; 5. Traditional communication vs. digital media; 6. Individual motivation and involvement; 7. Generation and age.
Fois and Forino (40) Italy	2014	Understand community resilience processes in ecovillage and analyse how disaster served as window of opportunity for sustainability	N = 8	In-depth interviews	Critical of paternalistic, top-down approaches to disaster recovery that focus only on immediate housing needs. Longer term solutions created through local empowerment, participation, transparency, long-term visions and sustainability. Disasters can be an opportunity to transform.
Lyon and Parkins (41) Canada	2013	Account for deeper social phenomena such as agency, structure, culture and power in social resilience	N = 59	Focused ethnographies: key informants interviews; observations; photographs; secondary sources	Margaret Archer's sociocultural theory helps to better understand panarchy of social ecological resilience theory and adaptive cycles from a social and cultural perspective. Provides a richer and more nuanced understanding of community resilience that is not normative.
Stebbing et al. (42) Australia	2013	Describe perceived health effects of water insecurity and understand vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity in rural towns experiencing drought	N = 13	Focus groups and interviews	Adaptive capacity is enhanced when community takes a bottom-up approach to solving its own problems.
Wickes et al. (43) Australia	2015	Identify extent to which pre-flood context influences community resilience in post-disaster context	N = 4,403 (wave 3) N = 4,132 (wave 4)	Longitudinal survey and census data analysis	No major differences in social capital identified across flooded and non-flooded communities. City, state and federal actions may play a role in generating community resilience, as do community competence and actions.
Williams and Shepherd (38) Haiti	2016	Explore ventures initiated by local people in aftermath of earthquake: how they acquired and used resources to facilitate community resilience	N = 55	In-depth interviews, observations and secondary sources	Two pathways of alleviating suffering were identified: (1) staged resourcefulness that related more to obligation; and (2) deviant resourcefulness that related more to power and social status.