Fig. 5. Autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) enhanced antitumor activity of Met tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Met-TKIs) in vivo.

a Crizotinib (Criz; 12.5 mg/kg/day, by gavage) and volitinib (Voli (5 mg/kg/day, by gavage) with/without HCQ (60 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) were given to mice bearing gastric cancer (GC) tumors for 21 days. Tumor measurements were performed every 3 days after treatment and xenograft growth curves were presented. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 for last measurement by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Bonferroni correction; ns, not significant. b Tumor lysates were immunoblotted for autophagy proteins. c Representation of augmented antitumor effects of dual Met/autophagy blockade compared with Met-TKIs alone