Table 2.
Results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis for the association between hs-CRP and depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10).
| Depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |||
| Serum hs-CRP | ||||||||
| Low: less than or equal to 3.0 mg/L | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| High: above 3.0 mg/L | 1.86 | 1.07 | 3.25 | 0.029 | 1.10 | 0.67 | 1.80 | 0.704 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 20–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 30–39 | 1.90 | 0.80 | 4.50 | 0.146 | 0.93 | 0.47 | 1.85 | 0.840 |
| 40–49 | 1.34 | 0.52 | 3.44 | 0.547 | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.74 | 0.007 |
| 50–59 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 1.84 | 0.373 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.60 | 0.005 |
| 60–69 | 0.75 | 0.24 | 2.41 | 0.633 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.50 | 0.002 |
| 70–79 | 0.45 | 0.13 | 1.55 | 0.205 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.46 | 0.001 |
| ≥80 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 1.92 | 0.250 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.24 | <0.0001 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| Elementary school and below | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Middle school | 0.51 | 0.23 | 1.15 | 0.105 | 0.90 | 0.57 | 1.43 | 0.654 |
| High school | 0.51 | 0.26 | 1.01 | 0.055 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.83 | 0.007 |
| University or above | 0.48 | 0.23 | 1.02 | 0.055 | 0.46 | 0.26 | 0.83 | 0.009 |
| Equalized household income | ||||||||
| Quartile 1 (low) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Quartile 2 | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.83 | 0.009 | 0.52 | 0.36 | 0.77 | 0.001 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.51 | <0.0001 | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.82 | 0.004 |
| Quartile 4 (high) | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.41 | <0.0001 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.40 | <0.0001 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 3.55 | 1.96 | 6.41 | <0.0001 | 1.70 | 1.19 | 2.44 | 0.003 |
| Never married | 2.52 | 1.33 | 4.79 | 0.005 | 1.51 | 0.81 | 2.84 | 0.196 |
| Alcohol use status | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.21 | 0.74 | 1.98 | 0.460 | 0.94 | 0.69 | 1.28 | 0.673 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Smoker | 2.16 | 1.38 | 3.38 | 0.001 | 4.04 | 2.51 | 6.49 | <0.0001 |
| Chronic medical disease | ||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| One | 1.68 | 0.90 | 3.12 | 0.104 | 2.04 | 1.34 | 3.10 | 0.001 |
| Two or more | 2.78 | 1.50 | 5.18 | 0.001 | 2.45 | 1.58 | 3.80 | <0.0001 |
| Residential area | ||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Rural | 1.07 | 0.68 | 1.68 | 0.773 | 1.12 | 0.84 | 1.50 | 0.437 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Underweight | 1.93 | 0.75 | 4.97 | 0.170 | 0.72 | 0.32 | 1.62 | 0.429 |
| Normal weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Overweight | 0.82 | 0.51 | 1.33 | 0.427 | 1.08 | 0.79 | 1.49 | 0.628 |
| Obesity | 0.73 | 0.29 | 1.82 | 0.494 | 0.90 | 0.50 | 1.63 | 0.735 |
| Menopause (females only) | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | |||||||
| Yes | 2.12 | 0.84 | 5.34 | 0.110 | ||||
PHQ-9, patient health questionnaire-9; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; BMI, body mass index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.