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. 2019 Feb 13;9:1912. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36802-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Folding artifacts due to undersampling improve with the addition of FRONSAC waveforms. (a) As the number of nonlinear gradient waveforms is increased from 1 to 3 (FRONSAC1 to FRONSAC3) the folding artifacts due to undersampling improve in phantom studies for undersampling factors of 4 and 8. Improvements in image quality are especially apparent with the out of phase application of two or more FRONSAC waveforms. The applied nonlinear gradient shapes, labeled with their common names, are shown as insets in the third column. (b) Using FRONSAC3 encoding, the results are validated in vivo. (c) FRONSAC image quality improvements are apparent whether comparing to Cartesian data reconstructed with GRAPPA or conjugate gradient.