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. 2019 Feb 13;9:1916. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36579-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle (rTCAC) (adapted from Guzman and Martin). In boxes the components of this cycle identified in hydrophilic tholins from experiments 4 and 8, which used alkaline aqueous aerosols are marked. The µmoles for the carboxylic acids were calculated using the multiple point external standard method, and µmoles of amino acids were semi-quantitatively calculated from the peak of glycine, considering the related areas of the peaks versus the area of the peak of glycine. For the quantification of glycine, a multiple point external standard method was used.