Table 2.
Linear Regression Models Showing Tobacco Use as a Predictor of Psychotic Experiences
| Unadjusted Model |
Adjusted Model |
Unadjusted Model |
Adjusted Model |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | β | 95% CI | R2 | β | 95% CI | R2 | β | 95% CI | R2 | β | 95% CI | ||
| Paranoia | .017 | .160 | Grandiosity | .003 | .046 | ||||||||
| Tobacco use | Tobacco use | ||||||||||||
| Occasional smokers | 0.27 | 0.17–0.37 | 0.13 | 0.02–0.23 | Occasional smokers | 0.05 | –0.05–0.15 | 0.05 | –0.07–0.17 | ||||
| Regular smokers | 0.46 | 0.31–0.60 | 0.17 | 0.00–0.34 | Regular smokers | 0.22 | 0.07–0.37 | 0.17 | –0.01–0.35 | ||||
| Sex | –0.04 | –0.11–0.02 | Sex | 0.26 | 0.19–0.33 | ||||||||
| Age | –0.08 | –0.13 to –0.03 | Age | –0.02 | –0.08–0.03 | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | –0.07 | –0.21–0.07 | Ethnicity | 0.36 | 0.21–0.51 | ||||||||
| Cannabis use | 0.10 | –0.04–0.24 | Cannabis use | –0.04 | –0.19–0.12 | ||||||||
| Sleep disturbance | 0.34 | 0.31–0.38 | Sleep disturbance | –0.02 | –0.05–0.02 | ||||||||
| Significant life events | 0.10 | 0.07–0.14 | Significant life events | 0.15 | 0.12–0.19 | ||||||||
| Socio-economic status | 0.08 | 0.05–0.12 | Socio-economic status | 0.01 | –0.02–0.05 | ||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.01 | –0.10–0.11 | Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.00 | –0.12–0.11 | ||||||||
| Hallucinations | 0.014 | .145 | Anhedonia | .004 | .083 | ||||||||
| Tobacco use | Tobacco use | ||||||||||||
| Occasional smokers | 0.19 | 0.09–0.29 | 0.07 | –0.04–0.18 | Occasional smokers | –0.14 | –0.24 to –0.04 | –0.12 | –0.23 to –0.01 | ||||
| Regular smokers | 0.48 | 0.33–0.62 | 0.24 | 0.06–0.41 | Regular smokers | 0.17 | 0.03–0.32 | 0.16 | –0.02–0.34 | ||||
| Sex | –0.10 | –0.16 to –0.03 | Sex | 0.49 | 0.42–0.56 | ||||||||
| Age | –0.09 | –0.14 to –0.04 | Age | –0.01 | –0.06–0.04 | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | 0.11 | –0.03–0.26 | Ethnicity | 0.00 | –0.15–0.15 | ||||||||
| Cannabis use | 0.11 | –0.04–0.25 | Cannabis use | 0.01 | –0.14–0.16 | ||||||||
| Sleep disturbance | 0.32 | 0.28–0.35 | Sleep disturbance | 0.14 | 0.11–0.18 | ||||||||
| Significant life events | 0.12 | 0.08–0.15 | Significant life events | –0.11 | –0.15 to –0.07 | ||||||||
| Socio-economic status | –0.03 | –0.07–0.00 | Socio-economic status | 0.02 | –0.02–0.06 | ||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoking | –0.03 | –0.14–0.07 | Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.01 | –0.11–0.12 | ||||||||
| Cognitive disorganization | 0.025 | 0.226 | Negative symptomsa | .011 | .052 | ||||||||
| Tobacco use | Tobacco use | ||||||||||||
| Occasional smokers | 0.20 | 0.10–0.30 | 0.09 | –0.02–0.19 | Occasional smokers | –0.06 | –0.16–0.04 | –0.06 | –0.18–0.05 | ||||
| Regular smokers | 0.68 | 0.54–0.83 | 0.34 | 0.17–0.50 | Regular smokers | 0.45 | 0.30–0.59 | 0.23 | 0.04–0.41 | ||||
| Sex | –0.30 | –0.37 to –0.24 | Sex | 0.19 | 0.12–0.26 | ||||||||
| Age | –0.05 | –10 to –0.00 | Age | –0.10 | –0.15 to –0.04 | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | 0.02 | –0.11–0.16 | Ethnicity | 0.06 | –0.09–0.21 | ||||||||
| Cannabis use | 0.06 | –0.08–0.20 | Cannabis use | 0.05 | –0.10–0.21 | ||||||||
| Sleep disturbance | 0.40 | 0.36–0.43 | Sleep disturbance | 0.14 | 0.10–0.18 | ||||||||
| Significant life events | 0.06 | 0.02–0.09 | Significant life events | –0.02 | –0.06–0.02 | ||||||||
| Socio-economic status | –0.08 | –0.11 to –0.04 | Socio-economic status | –0.13 | –0.17 to –0.09 | ||||||||
| Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.03 | –0.08–0.13 | Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.13 | 0.01–0.24 | ||||||||
Note: Significance at p < .05 is shown in boldface type. Adjusted R2 reported for adjusted models. Reference groups: for tobacco use, non-smokers; sex, female; for ethnicity, white; for cannabis use, no; for prenatal maternal smoking, no. Unadjusted model results: paranoia (F2,3600 = 30.33, p < .001), hallucinations (F2,3604 = 25.61, p < .001), cognitive disorganization (F2,3603 = 46.86, p < .001), grandiosity (F2,3602 = 4.52, p = .011), anhedonia (F2,3601 = 6.86, p = .001) and parent-rated negative symptoms (F2,3580 = 19.49, p < .001). Adjusted model results: paranoia (F10,2985 = 57.88, p < .001), hallucinations (F10,2989 = 51.86, p < .001), cognitive disorganization (F10,2989 = 88.65, p < .001), grandiosity (F10,2989 = 15.56, p < .001), anhedonia (F10,2986 = 28.02, p < .001), and parent-rated negative symptoms (F10,2970 = 17.30, p < .001).
Parent-rated.