Table S4.
Sensitivity Analyses: Generalized Estimating Equation Models That Include Related Siblings Showing Tobacco Use as a Predictor of Psychotic Experiences
| Unadjusted Model |
Adjusted Model |
Unadjusted Model |
Adjusted Model |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | CI | β | CI | β | CI | β | CI | ||
| Paranoia | Grandiosity | ||||||||
| Tobacco use (ref: nonsmokers) | Tobacco use (ref: nonsmokers) | ||||||||
| Occasional smokers | 0.32 | 0.23–.41 | 0.15 | 0.05–0.24 | Occasional smokers | –0.06 | –0.15–0.03 | –0.07 | –0.17–0.03 |
| Regular smokers | 0.48 | 0.33–0.64 | 0.17 | 0–.35 | Regular smokers | 0.14 | –0.01–0.29 | 0.04 | –0.16–0.24 |
| Sex | 0.00 | –0.06–.07 | Sex | 0.27 | 0.20–0.33 | ||||
| Age | –0.10 | –0.15 to –0.05 | Age | –0.01 | –0.06–0.04 | ||||
| Ethnicity | –0.14 | –28–0 | Ethnicity | 0.26 | 0.11–0.41 | ||||
| Cannabis use | 0.10 | –0.04–0.24 | Cannabis use | 0.06 | –0.09–0.21 | ||||
| Sleep disturbance | 0.35 | 0.31–0.38 | Sleep disturbance | –0.04 | –0.07–0 | ||||
| Significant life events | 0.09 | 0.06–0.13 | Significant life events | 0.15 | 0.12–0.19 | ||||
| Socio-economic status | 0.07 | 0.03–0.10 | Socio-economic status | 0.01 | –0.03–0.05 | ||||
| Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.01 | –0.09–0.11 | Prenatal maternal smoking | –0.03 | –0.14–0.08 | ||||
| Hallucinations | Anhedonia | ||||||||
| Tobacco use (ref: nonsmokers) | Tobacco use (ref: nonsmokers) | ||||||||
| Occasional smokers | 0.22 | 0.13–0.32 | 0.09 | –0.01–0.19 | Occasional smokers | 0 | –0.10–0.09 | –0.01 | –0.12–0.09 |
| Regular smokers | 0.42 | 0.26–0.59 | 0.21 | 0.02–0.40 | Regular smokers | 0.20 | 0.02–0.38 | 0.18 | –0.03–0.39 |
| Sex | –0.03 | –0.09–0.04 | Sex | 0.51 | 0.44–0.58 | ||||
| Age | –0.09 | –0.14 to –0.04 | Age | –0.05 | –0.10–0 | ||||
| Ethnicity | 0.07 | –0.07–0.21 | Ethnicity | –0.02 | –0.18–0.14 | ||||
| Cannabis use | 0.00 | –0.16–0.16 | Cannabis use | 0.07 | –0.08–0.22 | ||||
| Sleep disturbance | 0.33 | 0.30–0.36 | Sleep disturbance | 0.12 | 0.08–0.16 | ||||
| Significant life events | 0.11 | 0.07–0.14 | Significant life events | –0.11 | –0.14 to –0.07 | ||||
| Socio-economic status | –0.03 | –0.07–0 | Socio-economic status | 0.00 | –0.03–0.04 | ||||
| Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.00 | –0.10–0.11 | Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.04 | –0.07–0.16 | ||||
| Cognitive disorganization | Negative symptomsa | ||||||||
| Tobacco use (ref: nonsmokers) | Tobacco use (ref: nonsmokers) | ||||||||
| Occasional smokers | 0.30 | 0.20–0.39 | 0.15 | 0.05–0.24 | Occasional smokers | –0.04 | –0.14–0.05 | –0.07 | –0.18–0.03 |
| Regular smokers | 0.59 | 0.43–0.74 | 0.24 | 0.08–0.40 | Regular smokers | 0.52 | 0.35–0.70 | 0.28 | 0.07–0.49 |
| Sex | –0.27 | –0.33 to –0.21 | Sex | 0.17 | 0.09–0.24 | ||||
| Age | –0.05 | –0.10 to –0.01 | Age | –0.12 | –0.18 to –0.06 | ||||
| Ethnicity | –0.01 | –0.16–.13 | Ethnicity | 0.05 | –0.12–0.22 | ||||
| Cannabis use | 0.05 | –0.08–0.19 | Cannabis use | 0.10 | –0.06–0.25 | ||||
| Sleep disturbance | 0.39 | 0.36–0.42 | Sleep disturbance | 0.14 | 0.10–0.17 | ||||
| Significant life events | 0.05 | 0.02–0.08 | Significant life events | –0.03 | –0.06–0.01 | ||||
| Socio-economic status | –0.06 | –0.10 to –0.03 | Socio-economic status | –0.11 | –0.15 to –0.07 | ||||
| Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.04 | –0.05–0.14 | Prenatal maternal smoking | 0.15 | 0.02–0.27 | ||||
Note: Both twins (using exclusion criteria as described in the Methods for bivariate twin analyses) included in Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models. GEE models were conducted in the drgee package for R. Reference group for sex: “female,” for ethnicity: “white,” for cannabis use: “no,” and for maternal smoking during pregnancy: “no.”
a
Parent-rated.