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. 2019 Feb 13;9:1956. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38471-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Finite element analysis (FEA) of the relationship between mechanical stresses and bone resorption or formation surfaces. (a) Micro-CT-based FEA of basioccipital bone surfaces at P3 (n = 1). Blue indicates area of compressive stress from −0.096 to -0.98 MPa. (b) Whole-mount TRAP staining of the basioccipital bone in P3 mice (n = 5) showing localization of TRAP activity. (c) Graph shows TRAP-positive area of dorsal surface (26.5 ± 4.3%) and ventral surface (4.1 ± 1.1%, **p = 0.0053, n = 5). (d) FEA of basioccipital bone surfaces at P3. Red indicates area of tensile stress from 0.077 to 0.60 MPa. (e) Calcein bone labelling (injected at P2) in P3 mice (n = 3). Arrows indicate bone formed in a triangular area on the ventral surface, starting at the midline and spreading towards the foramen magnum (asterisk). (f) Schematic showing trans-pairing in postnatal clivus development and illustrating osteoclastic bone resorption on the compression surface (blue line) and osteoblastic bone formation on the tension surface (red line). All scale bars, 500 μm.