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. 2019 Feb 13;9:1970. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38512-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plexins and semaphorins of choanoflagellates and non-bilaterian Metazoa. (A) The genomes of choanoflagellates M. brevicollis and S. rosetta each contain one plexin (Plexin-1) and one semaphorin with fibronectin type III (FNIII) and SEA domains (Sema-FN1). (B) The sponge A. queenslandica has six plexins, four of which with truncated intracellular domain. The four transmembrane semaphorins have a Sema plus PSI architecture (Sema1A-1C) or carry in addition fibronectin type III domains (Sema-FN1). (C) The comb jelly M. leidyi has four plexins, and two classes of semaphorins: Sema1A-1C are secreted semaphorins with a Sema plus PSI architecture, Sema-IG1 to -IG6 are transmembrane semaphorins with two Ig domains in tandem arrangement. (D) The placozoan T. adhaerens has two plexins, Plexin-A1 and -A2, and two transmembrane semaphorins: Sema-FN1 with a single FNIII domain, and Sema5A with the typical architecture of class 5 semaphorins containing multiple thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) domains. (E) The cnidarian N. vectensis has one Plexin-1 and one Sema5A with multiple TSP1 domains. Protein domains: PSI, domain found in plexins, semaphorins, integrins; IPT, immunoglobulin-like fold shared by plexins and transcription factors; Ras-GAP, Ras GTPase activating protein; Ig: immunoglobulin domain. Darker blue for FNIII domains indicates higher annotation certainty. Asterisks indicate missing sequence information. Phylogenetic tree after³⁵; dashed line encircles the clades shown in this figure. Photo credits: M. brevicollis and S. rosetta: Mark Dayel⁶⁴ (mark@dayel.com; http://www.dayel.com/choanoflagellates; CC BY-SA 3.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode); A. queenslandica: Marcin Adamski; M. leidyi: William Browne; T. adhaerens: Oliver Voigt; N. vectensis: Eric Roettinger.