Table 2.
Correlation coefficients of monolinguals (below diagonal) and multilinguals (above diagonal) for spelling, EF, language-related skills, and other background factors.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Words | 0.38*** | -0.15 | -0.27* | 0.06 | -0.37*** | -0.38*** | -0.24 | -0.42*** | -0.28* | -0.17 | |
| (2) Non-words | 0.61*** | -0.20 | -0.10 | 0.02 | -0.23 | -0.4*** | -0.48*** | -0.44*** | -0.13 | -0.16 | |
| (3) Switching | -0.25* | -0.19 | -0.02 | 0.27 | 0.31* | 0.17 | 0.32* | -0.07 | 0.28* | 0.16 | |
| (4) Inhibition | -0.07 | 0.17 | 0.02 | -0.11 | 0.19 | -0.11 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.16 | -0.01 | |
| (5) WM | 0.17 | 0.07 | -0.20 | -0.15 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.01 | -0.02 | 0.07 | 0.18 | |
| (6) Lexicon | -0.31* | -0.38*** | 0.27* | -0.07 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.38*** | 0.57*** | |
| (7) PA | -0.46*** | -0.37*** | 0.19 | 0.18 | -0.23 | 0.24 | 0.34* | 0.32* | 0.19 | 0.24 | |
| (8) STM | -0.42*** | -0.5*** | 0.12 | -0.08 | -0.01 | 0.41*** | 0.34*** | 0.16 | -0.05 | 0.14 | |
| (9) RAN | -0.49*** | -0.53*** | 0.16 | 0.05 | -0.15 | 0.16 | 0.41*** | 0.26* | -0.02 | 0.33* | |
| (10) Intelligence | -0.28* | -0.32* | 0.45*** | 0.05 | -0.17 | 0.37*** | 0.35*** | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.29 | |
| (11) SES (mother) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.36*** | -0.03 | 0.28* | -0.11 | 0.02 | |
Spearman correlation coefficients (Significance ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗p < 0.05).