Table 4.
Fixed effects of the linear mixed effects models predicting number of errors in non-word spelling.
| Monolinguals | Multilinguals | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | z | Significance | b | SE | z | Significance | ||
| (1) | (Intercept) | -0.50 | 0.27 | -1.87 | + | -0.20 | 0.32 | -0.62 | |
| Switching | -0.28 | 0.13 | -2.12 | ∗ | -0.36 | 0.20 | -1.80 | + | |
| Inhibition | 0.15 | 0.13 | 1.17 | -0.15 | 0.19 | -0.81 | |||
| WM | -0.02 | 0.13 | -0.12 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.63 | |||
| R2m/R2c | 0.02/0.36 | 0.02/0.26 | |||||||
| (2) | (Intercept) | -0.48 | 0.26 | -1.86 | + | -0.35 | 0.31 | -1.15 | |
| Switching | -0.13 | 0.12 | -1.06 | -0.18 | 0.18 | -1.06 | |||
| Lexicon | -0.36 | 0.12 | -2.92 | ∗∗ | -0.28 | 0.18 | -1.61 | ||
| PA | -0.27 | 0.12 | -2.24 | ∗ | -0.49 | 0.17 | -2.90 | ∗∗ | |
| R2m/R2c | 0.06/0.36 | 0.08/0.46 | |||||||
| (3) | (Intercept) | -0.49 | 0.26 | -1.91 | + | -0.33 | 0.30 | -1.11 | |
| Switching | -0.15 | 0.11 | -1.36 | -0.09 | 0.17 | -0.56 | |||
| Lexicon | -0.19 | 0.13 | -1.54 | -0.22 | 0.17 | -1.34 | |||
| PA | -0.16 | 0.12 | -1.37 | -0.36 | 0.16 | -2.16 | ∗ | ||
| STM | -0.38 | 0.12 | -3.05 | ∗∗ | -0.47 | 0.18 | -2.63 | ∗∗ | |
| R2m/R2c | 0.08/0.36 | 0.1/0.46 | |||||||
Regression models were calculated for mono- and multilinguals separately. In model (1) the three EF components are included as predictors, in model (2) predictors are lexicon size, PA and the (marginally) significant EF from (1), and in (3) STM was added to model (2). R2m represents the variance explained by the fixed effects and R2c by fixed and random effects. (Significance ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗p < 0.05, +p < 0.1).