Table 1.

Summary of sex-specific differences in growth and metabolism.

	Male	Female
GROWTH-1ST TRIMESTER
Crown-rump length	Larger	Smaller
GROWTH-2ND TRIMESTER
Biparietal diameter	Larger	Smaller
Abdominal circumference	Larger	Smaller
GROWTH-3RD TRIMESTER
Fat mass	9.9% at birth	11% at birth
Lean body mass	Higher	Lower
MATERNAL MORBIDITY
Mild Pre-eclampsia	Normal growthrate	Reduced growthrate
Maternal obesity	Higher risk of obesity at 1year	No definite effect
Gestational diabetes	High risk of beingoverweight at 5–7 years	No known risk of beingoverweight
OTHER FACTORS
Placental gene expressions	Minimal gene and protein changes	Multiple gene and proteni changes
Same sex twin pairs	High risk for RDS and low risk for IUGR	High risk for IUGR
IGF-1& IGFBP-3 levels	Lower	Higher