Table 3.
Review of Kalanchoe extracts tested against selected bacteria in previous research.
| Bacteria/plant, paper, and solvent count | Methanolic extract | Water extract | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter baumannii (-) K. pinnata: 1 paper, 1 extract solvent |
K. pinnata • Ethanol✓ (Larasati and Wahid, 2016) |
||
| Bacillus subtilis (+) K. pinnata, K. laciniata: 4 papers, 3 extract solvents |
K. pinnata ✓+ (Akinpelu, 2000; Nwadinigwe, 2011) K. laciniata ✓ (Iqbal et al., 2016) |
K. pinnata ✓ (Nwadinigwe, 2011) |
K. pinnata • Ethanol✓ (Biswas et al., 2011b) |
| Enterobacter spp. (-) K. pinnata: 1 paper examining organic acid extract |
K. pinnata • Malic acid✓ extracted from plant using decoction method, successful against E. aerogenes (Jazul, 1995) |
||
| Enterococcus faecalis (+) K. pinnata, K. crenata: 2 papers, 2 solvents, and leaf juice. |
K. pinnata ✓+ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. crenata ✓+ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
K. pinnata ✓(Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. crenata ✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
K. pinnata • Leaf juice✓ (Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985; Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. crenata • Leaf juice✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
| Enterococcus faecium (+) | No Kalanchoe extracts previously tested against this species | ||
| Escherichia coli (-) K. pinnata, K. crenata: 9 papers, 5 extract solvents, leaf juice, and flavonoid compounds |
K. pinnata ✓+ (Akinpelu, 2000; Ofokansi et al., 2005; Akinsulire et al., 2007; Majaz et al., 2011; Nwadinigwe, 2011) K. crenata ✓+ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
K. pinnata ✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007; Majaz et al., 2011; Nwadinigwe, 2011; Pattewar et al., 2013)χ(Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. crenata ✓(Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
K. pinnata • Ethanol✓ (Biswas et al., 2011b; Pattewar et al., 2013) • Petroleum ether, chloroform∗ (Majaz et al., 2011) • Flavonoid compounds✓ (Okwu and Nnamdi, 2011) • Leaf juice✓ (Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985; Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. crenata • Leaf juice✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
| Helicobacter pylori (-) K. pinnata: 1 paper, 2 solvents |
K. pinnata ✓+ (Kouitcheu Mabeku et al., 2017) |
K. pinnata • Ethyl acetateχ (Kouitcheu Mabeku et al., 2017) |
|
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (-) K. pinnata, K. crenata: 5 papers, 2 solvents, leaf juice, and flavonoid compounds |
K. pinnata ✓+ (Ofokansi et al., 2005; Akinsulire et al., 2007) χ(Akinpelu, 2000) K. crenata ✓+ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
K. pinnata χ(Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. crenata ✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
K. pinnata • Flavonoid compounds✓ (Okwu and Nnamdi, 2011) • Leaf juice✓ (Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985; Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. crenata • Leaf juice✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (–) K. pinnata, K. crenata, K. blossfeldiana: 11 papers, 6 solvents, leaf juice, and flavonoid compounds |
K. pinnata ✓+ (Ofokansi et al., 2005; Akinsulire et al., 2007; Majaz et al., 2011; Pattewar et al., 2013) χ (Akinpelu, 2000; Nwadinigwe, 2011) K. crenata ✓+ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. blossfeldiana ✓ (Sarkar et al., 2015) inhibited biofilm production∗∗ |
K. pinnata ✓(Akinsulire et al., 2007; Majaz et al., 2011; Nwadinigwe, 2011; Pattewar et al., 2013) K. crenata ✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
K. pinnata • Ethanol✓ (Biswas et al., 2011b; Tatsimo et al., 2012; Pattewar et al., 2013) • Ethyl acetate✓+, hexaneχ fractions (Tatsimo et al., 2012) • Petroleum ether, chloroform∗ (Majaz et al., 2011) • Flavonoid compounds (Okwu and Nnamdi, 2011) ✓ • Leaf juice✓ (Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985; Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. crenata • Leaf juice✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
| Proteus spp. (–) K. pinnata: 1 paper testing leaf juice |
K. pinnata • Leaf juice✓ (Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985) |
||
| Salmonella typhi (–) K. pinnata: 5 papers, 5 solvents, and leaf juice |
K. pinnata ✓+ (Ofokansi et al., 2005; Nwadinigwe, 2011; Tatsimo et al., 2012) |
K. pinnata χ (Nwadinigwe, 2011) |
K. pinnata • Ethanolic (Biswas et al., 2011b; Tatsimo et al., 2012) • Ethyl acetate✓+, hexaneχ fractions (Tatsimo et al., 2012) • Leaf juice (on Salmonella spp.) (Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985) |
| Shigella dysenteriae (–) K. pinnata: 3 papers, 2 solvents, and leaf juice. |
K. pinnata ✓(Akinpelu, 2000) |
K. pinnata • Ethanol✓ (Biswas et al., 2011b) • Leaf juice✓ (on Shigella spp.) (Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985) |
|
| Staphylococcus aureus (+) K. pinnata, K. crenata: 14 papers, 7 solvents, leaf juice, and flavonoid compounds |
K. pinnata ✓+ (Akinpelu, 2000; Ofokansi et al., 2005; Majaz et al., 2011; Nwadinigwe, 2011; Tatsimo et al., 2012; Pattewar et al., 2013; Lebedeva et al., 2017) K. crenata ✓+ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. laciniata (Iqbal et al., 2016) |
K. pinnata ✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007; Majaz et al., 2011; Nwadinigwe, 2011; Pattewar et al., 2013) K. crenata ✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
K. pinnata • Ethanol✓ (Biswas et al., 2011b; Tatsimo et al., 2012; Pattewar et al., 2013; Larasati and Wahid, 2016) • Ethyl acetate✓+, hexaneχ fractions (Tatsimo et al., 2012) • Petroleum ether, chloroform (Majaz et al., 2011) • Flavonoid compounds✓ (Okwu and Nnamdi, 2011) • Leaf juice✓ (Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985; Akinsulire et al., 2007) K. crenata • Leaf juice✓ (Akinsulire et al., 2007) |
| Serratia marcescens (–) K. pinnata: 1 paper testing leaf juice | K. pinnata Leaf juice✓ (Obaseiki-Ebor, 1985) | ||
All listed were crude extracts unless otherwise noted (see Tatsimo et al., 2012). ESKAPE pathogens and Kalanchoe species are listed in bold. Methanol and water are the two most commonly studied extract solvents. ✓ indicates demonstrated growth inhibition, ✓+ indicates superior performance compared to other tested solvents within the same study. χ indicates no significant growth inhibition demonstrated. Next to species name, bacteria are noted as Gram positive (+) or negative (-).