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. 2019 Feb 7;13:64. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00064

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Excitotoxity was reduced by fenamate NSAIDs in vitro: (top) phase contrast photomicrographs of hippocampal neurons 9 days in culture untreated and cells after exposure to glutamate (Glu, 5 μM), glutamate plus MFA (100 μM) or glutamate plus MK-801 (10 μM). (Bottom) Shows histogram summaries of similar experiments conducted with mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid or meclofenamic acid on glutamate induced cell death. Fenamates or MK-801 were co-incubated during glutamate exposure and immediately after exposure for 24 h. Cell death was assayed 24 h post-exposure and significantly reduced (∗∗p ≤ 0.01) by treatment with all the fenamates at 100 μM. Niflumic acid and meclofenamic acid, at 10 μM, also significantly reduced cell death by 54% (∗p ≤ 0.05) and 56% (∗∗p ≤ 0.01) respectively. Note that MK-801 even reduced LDH (cell death) below the untreated cells. The scale bar is 40 microns at 300x magnification.