Figure 5.

Impact of diet on fractional renal excretion of trimethylamine N-oxide and both choline and carnitine related metabolites (N = 113 subjects) based on paired plasma and urine levels of concurrently measured creatinine (A–F). Fractional renal excretion was also calculated by replacing plasma and urine creatinine concentrations with paired plasma and urine concentrations of alternative metabolites (concurrently measured in the same samples) whose concentrations are highly correlated with measures of renal function (C-mannosyl-tryptophan, pseudouridine, or symmetric dimethylarginine) (G–I). Fractional renal excretion of the indicated metabolites were determined following 4-weeks of the indicated diet. SDMA, symmetric dimethylarginine.