Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients.
| Case | Sex | Age | Clinical Diagnosis | Serum Protein | FLC κ | FLC λ | FLC | Cardiomyopathy | Nephropathy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [mg/L] | [mg/L] | κ/λ ratio | |||||||
| 1 | M | 68 | MGUS | IgG κ | 449.5 | 91.0 | 4.939 | Mayo 3 | NS + RI |
| 2 | M | 58 | MM | IgD κ | 241. 5 | 1 | 241.5 | Mayo 3 | NS + RI |
| 3 | M | 49 | MGUS | κ | 2114.3 | 36.7 | 57.61 | Mayo 3 | NS + RI |
| 4 | M | 70 | MM | κ | 906.3 | 16.5 | 54.90 | Mayo 3 | NS + RI |
| 5 | F | 78 | MM | κ | 1588.2 | 24.4 | 65.09 | Mayo 3 | NS |
| 6 | M | 63 | MGUS | λ | 18.2 | 593.4 | 0.031 | Mayo 3 | NS + RI |
| 7 | F | 75 | MGUS | IgA λ | 18.7 | 284.7 | 0.066 | Mayo 3 | NS + RI |
| 8 | M | 84 | MGUS | IgA λ | 47.2 | 84.1 | 0.561 | Mayo 3 | NS + RI |
| 9 | F | 67 | MGUS | λ | 21.1 | 70.1 | 0.302 | Mayo 3 | NS + RI |
| 10 | M | 77 | - | ND | ND | ND | ND | Mayo 3 | - |
| 11 | M | 49 | MGUS | λ | 22.6 | 495.1 | 0.046 | Mayo 3 | NS |
FLC, free light chains; MGUS, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; MM, multiple myeloma; ND, not determined; NS, nephrotic syndrome; RI, renal insufficiency (creatinine level ≥130 μmol/L); Mayo, Mayo Clinic staging system (1–3) based on troponin T and NT-proBNP levels.
Reference range: FLC κ: 3.3–19.4 mg/L; FLC λ: 5.7–26.3 mg/L; FLC κ/λ ratio 0.26–1.65.