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. 2019 Feb 7;9:1927. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01927

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Copyright © 2019 Stanley and Kim.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cross-talk among immune mediators in insects. A cytokine, plasmatocyte-spreading peptide (PSP) binds to its receptor, methuselah 10 (Mthl10) activates a small G protein, Rac1, which is also activated by biogenic monoamines, octopamine (OA) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Rac1 activates PLA₂ to produce prostaglandin (PG). PLA₂ is also activated by a protein kinase, Pelle, which is activated by Toll receptor. The Toll pathway also induces nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes. NOS synthesizes nitric oxide (NO) and activates PLA₂. The activated PLA₂ is involved in PG biosynthesis. PG triggers oenocytoid cell lysis (OCL) and release PSP-binding protein (PSP-BP) and prophenoloxidase (PPO). OCL is induced by sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC) via protein kinase C (PKC). PSP-BP facilitates PSP degradation. PG also mediates cytoskeletal rearrangement and AMP production.