Table A1.

Opting-Out Rates over Time and Statistical Test of Opt-Out Continuation

Average change in lfp compared with a year prior to birth:	(1) 2000s	(2) 1990s	(3) 1980s	(1) vs (3) Test of difference in opt-out profiles between 1980s and between 1980s and 2000s (p-values)a
Less than bachelor’s
First births
-Six to birth	−0.141	−0.141	−0.159	0.000
Birth to six months	−0.190	−0.215	−0.234	0.000
Six to twelve months	−0.151	−0.172	−0.168	0.502
Six to twenty-four months	−0.143	−0.148	−0.144	0.600
Subsequent births
-Six to birth	−0.143	−0.142	−0.131	0.028
Birth to six months	−0.192	−0.172	−0.178	0.000
Six to twelve months	−0.160	−0.130	−0.117	0.349
Six to twenty-four months	−0.145	−0.108	−0.095	0.217
Rate of opt out after subsequent births compared with women prior to first birthsb
Six months	−0.230	−0.246	−0.303
Twelve months	−0.221	−0.211	−0.283
Twenty-four months	−0.181	−0.178	−0.280
Bachelor’s only
First births
-Six to birth	−0.045	−0.058	−0.115	0.144
Birth to six months	−0.129	−0.194	−0.303	0.001
Six to twelve months	−0.138	−0.180	−0.250	0.696
Six to twenty-four months	−0.145	−0.187	−0.230	0.638
Subsequent births
-Six to birth	−0.050	−0.019	−0.093	0.070
Birth to six months	−0.082	−0.097	−0.166	0.021
Six to twelve months	−0.089	−0.100	−0.109	0.630
Six to twenty-four months	−0.089	−0.084	−0.103	0.414
Rate of opt out after subsequent births compared with women prior to first birthsb
Six months	−0.253	−0.300	−0.272
Twelve months	−0.274	−0.289	−0.259
Twenty-four months	−0.278	−0.259	−0.266
Master’s plus
First births
–Six to birth	−0.030	−0.023	−0.043	0.091
Birth to six months	−0.108	−0.134	−0.192	0.344
Six to twelve months	−0.130	−0.167	−0.180	0.317
Six to twenty-four months	−0.108	−0.165	−0.178	0.211
Subsequent births
–Six to birth	−0.016	−0.037	−0.065	0.027
Birth to six months	−0.022	−0.093	−0.137	0.433
Six to twelve months	−0.004	−0.093	−0.068	0.448
Six to twenty-four months	−0.014	−0.137	−0.037	0.271
Rate of opt out after subsequent births compared with women prior to first birthsb
Six months	−0.153	−0.224	−0.254
Twelve months	−0.133	−0.264	−0.185
Twenty-four months	−0.180	−0.332	−0.197

Source: Author’s calculations based on the Survey of Income and Program Participation (2000s: 2004 and 2008 panels, 1990s: 1996 panel, 1980s: 1984, 1985, and 1986 panels).

^aTest that the difference between the full set of δ coefficients from the relevant interval are jointly different in the 2000s from the 1980s. Based on pooling the data from the 1980s and 2000s panels and estimating equation (1) interacting dummies for each panel with each month-relative-to-birth dummy and testing if the series of relevant interaction terms are jointly equal to zero.

^bThis is an approximate measure, since first-birth mothers are different from subsequent-birth mothers.