Table 2.
Factor Associated with Cognitive Impairment Status According to IHDS Score
| Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-impaired (IHDS > 10) (n = 60) |
Impaired (IHDS ≤10) (n = 38) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | |
| aFemale sex, n (%) | 3 (5) | 3 (8) | 1.63 (0.31–8.52) | 0.674 | ||
| Age, year | 31 (25–40) | 32 (26–45) | 0.358 | |||
| bTertiary education, n (%) | 34 (57) | 15 (40) | 0.50 (0.22–1.14) | 0.097 | 0.47 (0.20–1.17) | 0.088 |
| bCurrent smoker, n (%) | 19 (32) | 12 (32) | 1.00 (0.44–2.25) | 1.000 | ||
| bCurrent or ex-drinker, n (%) | 14 (23) | 8 (21) | 0.88 (0.33–2.34) | 0.792 | ||
| bHistory of substance use, n (%) | 23 (38) | 18 (47) | 1.45 (0.64–3.30) | 0.377 | ||
| bPrior psychiatric illness, n (%) | 5 (8) | 9 (24) | 3.41 (1.05–11.13) | 0.034 | 2.99 (0.84–10.66) | 0.091 |
| Blood HIV-1 RNA, log10 copies/ml | 5.01 (4.61–5.39) | 5.11 (4.81–5.75) | 0.139 | |||
| CD4+ T-cells nadir (cells/μL) | 298 (160–400) | 241 (69–320) | 0.078 | NS | ||
| bCD4+ T-cells nadir < 200 cells/μL, n (%) | 18 (30) | 13 (34) | 1.21 (0.51–2.89) | 0.662 | ||
| aHepatitis C virus co-infection, n (%) | 5 (8) | 2 (5) | 0.61 (0.11–3.32) | 0.703 | ||
| b,c Syphilis co-infection, n (%) | 22 (37) | 18 (47) | 1.56 (0.68–3.55) | 0.294 | ||
| dPHQ-9 score | 5 (2–8) | 8 (4–12) | 0.127 | |||
| b,dModerate depression (PHQ-9 > 9), n (%) | 10 (17) | 13 (34) | 2.67 (0.99–7.17) | 0.048 | 2.52 (0.90–7.06) | 0.079 |
Median (IQR) is presented unless specified otherwise
aFisher’s Exact test
bPearson Chi-square test
cHistory of infection (enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-Treponemal pallidum assay (TPA) positivity)
dn = 96
Abbreviations: IHDS International HIV Dementia Scale, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnare-9, NS Not significant